{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:00:38Z","timestamp":1791853238859,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prolactin is a hormone of the pituitary gland whose main function is the production of milk. Hyperprolactinemia is defined as an increase in prolactin levels above 25 \u03bcg\/L in women and 20 \u03bcg\/L in men. Causes of hyperprolactinemia include pituitary tumors, especially prolactinomas. Hyperprolactinemia can manifest clinically with a variety of symptoms, including galactorrhea and menstrual irregularities in women and erectile dysfunction in men. There are limited data on the epidemiology of hyperprolactinemia in the Middle East region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Description of the epidemiology and clinical features of hyperprolactinemia in a cohort from Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Medical record review<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tertiary medical center in Riyadh<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study included adult patients with hyperprolactinemia in King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. The patients were treated in endocrinology clinics from 2015 to 2019. Patients of both sexes older than 14 years were enrolled in the study. Patients with insufficient follow-up were excluded. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, symptoms, prolactin level, cause of high prolactin level, and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The frequency of different etiologies and symptoms in patients with hyperprolactinemia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>295 patients<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The majority of patients with hyperprolactinemia were female 256 (86.8%). Hyperprolactinemia was diagnosed more frequently in patients in the age groups 21\u201330 years (42.6%) and 31\u201340 years (24.1%). The majority of the study population was obese or overweight: 136 (46.3%) and 74 (25.2%), respectively. Most of the cases were symptomatic (192, 65.1%). In women, the most common symptom was oligomenorrhea (35%). In men, infertility and erectile dysfunction were the most common clinical symptoms (50% and 44.7%, respectively). Idiopathic causes were the most common etiology (108, 36.6%), followed by pituitary adenomas (81, 27.5%). The majority of patients were treated (184,62.4%), with cabergoline being the most commonly used medication (173, 94.0%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The demographic and clinical presentations and causes of hyperprolactinemia in male and female Saudi patients were similar to that in studies in other populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Single-center retrospective chart review study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2022.334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T09:21:16Z","timestamp":1665652876000},"page":"334-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiological and clinical profiles of Saudi patients with hyperprolactinemia in a single tertiary care center"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6796-9428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moeber","family":"Mahzari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Saad","family":"Alhamlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawaf Abdulaziz","family":"Alhussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki Abdullah","family":"Alkathiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmohsen Nasser","family":"Al Khatir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Mohammed","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad Fayez","family":"Masuadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Jameson JL Kasper DL Longo DL Fauci AS Hauser SL Loscalzo J. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. McGraw-hill education New York; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1686-5_29","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia","author":"Majumdar A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majumdar A, Mangal NS. Hyperprolactinemia. Principles and Practice of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in ART. 2015:319\u201328.","journal-title":"Principles and Practice of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in ART"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E539","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001385","article-title":"Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guideline for the management of patients with residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas","volume":"79","author":"Sheehan J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheehan J, Lee C, Bodach ME, Tumialan LM, Oyesiku NM, Patil CG, et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guideline for the management of patients with residual or recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(4):E539\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Melmed S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;96(2):273\u201388.","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"A descriptive study to find possible correlation between pituitary magnetic resonance image findings and abnormal pituitary hormones: A retrospective single centre study in saudi community based hospital","volume":"67","author":"Aljabri KS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA, Assiri FA, Alshareef MA, Khan PM. A descriptive study to find possible correlation between pituitary magnetic resonance image findings and abnormal pituitary hormones: A retrospective single centre study in saudi community based hospital. J Assoc Physicians India. 2019;67(10):29\u201332.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03570.x","article-title":"Macroprolactinaemia: Prevalence and aetiologies in a large group of hospital workers","volume":"71","author":"Hattori N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hattori N, Ishihara T, Saiki Y. Macroprolactinaemia: Prevalence and aetiologies in a large group of hospital workers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71(5):702\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59602-4.00013-7","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma","volume":"124","author":"Romijn JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romijn JA. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2014;124:185\u201395.","journal-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311403","article-title":"A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea","volume":"331","author":"Webster J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, Ferrari CI, Ismail I, Scanlon MF. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(14):904\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(11)73100-5","article-title":"Bromocriptin and cabergolin in treatment of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"26","author":"Gorobets L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorobets L, Bulanov V. Bromocriptin and cabergolin in treatment of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry. 2011;26(S2):1395.","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2019.15.2.83","article-title":"Male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism\u2013pathophysiology, clinical implications and management","volume":"15","author":"Fernandez CJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez CJ, Chacko EC, Pappachan JM. Male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism\u2013pathophysiology, clinical implications and management. European Endocrinology. 2019;15(2):83.","journal-title":"European Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.7243\/2053-3640-1-2","article-title":"Hyper-prolactinemia and body weight: Prevalence of obesity and overweight in patients with hyperprolactinemia","volume":"1","author":"Pereira-Lima JFS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira-Lima JFS, Le\u00e3es CGS, Neto FMF, Barbosa MV, Silva AL, Oliveira Md. Hyper-prolactinemia and body weight: Prevalence of obesity and overweight in patients with hyperprolactinemia. Res J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;1(1):2.","journal-title":"Res J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2018.1434412","article-title":"The effects of hyperprolactinemia and its control on metabolic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Auriemma RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Auriemma RS, De Alcubierre D, Pirchio R, Pivonello R, Colao A. The effects of hyperprolactinemia and its control on metabolic diseases. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism. 2018;13(2):99\u2013106.","journal-title":"Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2007.01823.x","article-title":"Patients with macroprolactinaemia: Clinical and radiological features","volume":"37","author":"Donadio F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Donadio F, Barbieri A, Angioni R, Mantovani G, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A, et al. Patients with macroprolactinaemia: Clinical and radiological features. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37(7):552\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems","volume":"206","author":"Lee D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee D, Oh Y, Yoon B, Choi D. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(3):213. e1,213. e5.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000539","article-title":"How hyperprolactinemia affects sexual function in patients under antipsychotic treatment","volume":"36","author":"Rubio-Abadal E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rubio-Abadal E, Del Cacho N, Saenz-Navarrete G, Arranz B, Cambra R, Cuadras D, et al. How hyperprolactinemia affects sexual function in patients under antipsychotic treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(5):422\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13156","article-title":"The epidemiology of hyperprolactinaemia over 20 years in the Tayside region of Scotland: The prolactin epidemiology, audit and research study (PROLEARS)","volume":"86","author":"Soto-Pedre E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soto-Pedre E, Newey PJ, Bevan JS, Greig N, Leese GP. The epidemiology of hyperprolactinaemia over 20 years in the Tayside region of Scotland: The prolactin epidemiology, audit and research study (PROLEARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;86(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000499694","article-title":"Pitfalls in the diagnostic evaluation of hyperprolactinemia","volume":"109","author":"Vilar L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilar L, Vilar CF, Lyra R, da Conceicao Freitas M. Pitfalls in the diagnostic evaluation of hyperprolactinemia. Neuroendocrinology. 2019;109(1):7\u201319.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101290","article-title":"The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of prolactinomas: The old and the new","volume":"33","author":"Chanson P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chanson P, Maiter D. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of prolactinomas: The old and the new. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2019;33(2):101290.","journal-title":"Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MON-266","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa046.257","article-title":"MON-266 the association between prolactinomas and weight gain","volume":"4","author":"Tariq Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tariq Z, Sabie FA, Donegan D. MON-266 the association between prolactinomas and weight gain. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2020;4(Supplement_1):MON-266.","journal-title":"Journal of the Endocrine Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2018.1425459","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications","volume":"22","author":"Alosaimi FD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alosaimi FD, Fallata EO, Abalhassan M, Alhabbad A, Alzain N, Alhaddad B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2018;22(4):274\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000519094","article-title":"Prevalence of macroprolactinemia in patients with hyper-prolactinemia using roche elecsys platform in a large tertiary referral center in UAE","volume":"27","author":"Al Nuaimi A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Nuaimi A, Almazrouei R, Othman Y, Beshyah S, Aldahmani KM. Prevalence of macroprolactinemia in patients with hyper-prolactinemia using roche elecsys platform in a large tertiary referral center in UAE. Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal. 2021;27(4):126\u201330.","journal-title":"Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218199","article-title":"Global prevalence of macroprolactinemia among patients with hyperprolactinemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Soh Che","year":"2020","unstructured":"Che Soh, Noor Azlin Azraini, Yaacob NM, Omar J, Mohammed Jelani A, Shafii N, Tuan Ismail TS, et al. Global prevalence of macroprolactinemia among patients with hyperprolactinemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(21):8199.","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2011.10.030","article-title":"The importance of measuring macroprolactin in the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemic patients","volume":"28","author":"Lu C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu C, Hsieh C. The importance of measuring macroprolactin in the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemic patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(2):94\u20139.","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2017.10.002","article-title":"Laboratory and clinical significance of macroprolactinemia in women with hyperprolactinemia","volume":"56","author":"Kasum M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kasum M, Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 S, \u0106ehi\u0107 E, \u0160unj M, Lila A, Ejubovi\u0107 E. Laboratory and clinical significance of macroprolactinemia in women with hyperprolactinemia. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;56(6):719\u201324.","journal-title":"Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03402.x","article-title":"Characterization of macroprolactin and assessment of markers of autoimmunity in macroprolactinaemic patients","volume":"70","author":"Kavanagh-Wright L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kavanagh-Wright L, Smith TP, Gibney J, McKenna TJ. Characterization of macroprolactin and assessment of markers of autoimmunity in macroprolactinaemic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70(4):599\u2013605.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347299","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas secreting large amounts of prolactin may give false low values in immunoradiometric assays. the hook effect","volume":"21","author":"Petakov MS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Petakov MS, Damjanovi\u0107 SS, Nikoli\u0107-Durovi\u0107 MM, Dragojlovi\u0107 ZL, Obradovi\u0107 S, Gligorovi\u0107 MS, et al. Pituitary adenomas secreting large amounts of prolactin may give false low values in immunoradiometric assays. the hook effect. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998;21(3):184\u20138.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-0543-4","article-title":"Predictors of dopamine agonist resistance in prolactinoma patients","volume":"20","author":"Vermeulen E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vermeulen E, D\u2019Haens J, Stadnik T, Unuane D, Barbe K, Van Velthoven V, et al. Predictors of dopamine agonist resistance in prolactinoma patients. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2020;20(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Endocrine Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.05.006","article-title":"The role of dopamine agonists in pituitary adenomas","volume":"49","author":"Giraldi EA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giraldi EA, Ioachimescu AG. The role of dopamine agonists in pituitary adenomas. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2020;49(3):453\u201374.","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics"}],"container-title":["Annals of Saudi Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T09:21:44Z","timestamp":1665652904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2022.334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5144\/0256-4947.2022.334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2022.334","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-4947","0975-4466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-4947","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-4466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}