{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T03:08:26Z","timestamp":1767236906540,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of maternal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the fetus is unclear, and there is no data from Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assess the effect of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case-control<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary care hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected pregnant women who underwent an obstetric growth scan and umbilical artery Doppler ultra-sound examination between 28 and 41 weeks of pregnancy. Women with multiple pregnancy, fetal abnormalities, maternal body mass index &gt;30, maternal hypertension, any other chronic diseases that might affect fetal growth or pregnant women suffering from cancer were excluded. Fetal growth parameters assessed included fetal biometry (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length). We also did an umbilical artery Doppler assessment, which includes the umbilical artery pulsatility index, resistive index and the systolic\/diastolic ratio.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal biometry and biophysical profile<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title><jats:p>48 SARS-CoV-2; 98 non-SARS-CoV-2<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>More women who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection had small for gestational age fetuses compared with the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was associated with a higher prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, middle cerebral artery and uterine artery Doppler data were not included nor were the effect of tobacco use and socioeconomic status, the relationship between the date of infection with the date of conceiving or the relationship between the severity of infection in the mother and fetal biometry and growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST:<\/jats:title><jats:p>None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2023.213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1691564564000},"page":"213-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on the fetus in pregnant women who recovered from infection"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-5151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lina Fahmi","family":"Hammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahad Naif","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana Hussain","family":"Aldahlawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0767-8","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update","volume":"14","author":"Zhou M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update. Frontiers of Medicine. 2020;14(2):126\u201335.","journal-title":"Frontiers of Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.10.004","article-title":"Pneumonia complicating pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Brito V","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brito V, Niederman MS. Pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32(1):121\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.06.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants","volume":"63","author":"Cosar B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cosar B, Karagulleoglu ZY, Unal S, Ince AT, Uncuoglu DB, Tuncer G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2022; 63:10\u201322.","journal-title":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2022. [[AUTHOR: Please provide a link or additional information on the citation]]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"102951","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 vertical transmission with adverse effects on the newborn revealed through integrated immunohistochemical, electron microscopy and molecular analyses of Placenta","volume":"59","author":"Facchetti F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Facchetti F, Bugatti M, Drera E, Tripodo C, Sartori E, Cancila V, et al. SARS-CoV2 vertical transmission with adverse effects on the newborn revealed through integrated immunohistochemical, electron microscopy and molecular analyses of Placenta. eBio-Medicine. 2020; 59:102951.","journal-title":"eBio-Medicine."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24787","article-title":"Evidence of possible SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission according to World Health Organization criteria in asymptomatic pregnant women","volume":"58","author":"Sevilla-Montoya R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sevilla-Montoya R, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Estrada-Guti\u00e9rrez G, Villavicencio-Carrisoza O, Leon-Juarez M, Villegas-Mota I, et al. Evidence of possible SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission according to World Health Organization criteria in asymptomatic pregnant women. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2021;58(6):900\u20138.","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 virus invading the human placenta using electron microscopy [Internet]","author":"Algarroba G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Algarroba G. Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 virus invading the human placenta using electron microscopy [Internet]. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;10.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"100145","article-title":"Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth","volume":"2","author":"Patan\u00e8 L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patan\u00e8 L, Morotti D, Giunta M, Sigismondi C, Piccoli M, Frigerio L, et al. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(3):100145.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crwh.2020.e00243","article-title":"Fetal deaths in pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil: A case series","volume":"27","author":"Richtmann R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richtmann R, Torloni MR, Oyamada Otani AR, Levi JE, Crema Tobara M, de Almeida Silva C, et al. Fetal deaths in pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil: A case series. Case Reports in Women\u2019s Health. 2020;27: e00243.","journal-title":"Case Reports in Women\u2019s Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2013.03.006","article-title":"Obstetric infections","volume":"29","author":"Lapinsky SE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lapinsky SE. Obstetric infections. Critical care clinics. 2013;29(3):509\u201320.","journal-title":"Critical care clinics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"574","article-title":"Preterm birth, intrauterine infection, and fetal inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Kemp MW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemp MW. Preterm birth, intrauterine infection, and fetal inflammation. Frontiers in immunology. 2014; 5:574.","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14726","article-title":"Doppler assessment of the fetus in pregnant women recovered from COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Anuk AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anuk AT, Tanacan A, Yetiskin FD, Buyuk GN, Senel SA, Keskin HL, et al. Doppler assessment of the fetus in pregnant women recovered from COVID-19. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2021;47(5):1757\u201362.","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-021-00075-2","article-title":"Assessment of fetal growth and anomalies in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: an Egyptian pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Eltemamy E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eltemamy E, Salama S, Salem SM, Abdel-Rasheed M, Salama E, Elsirgany S, et al. Assessment of fetal growth and anomalies in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: an Egyptian pilot study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 2021;26(1):32.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23642","article-title":"Ultrasound and Doppler findings in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Soto-Torres E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soto-Torres E, Hernandez-Andrade E, Huntley E, Mendez-Figueroa H, Blackwell S. Ultrasound and Doppler findings in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2021;58(1):111\u201320.","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0512","article-title":"Assessment of fetal Doppler parameters in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection: a prospective case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Ayhan SG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ayhan SG, Tanacan A, Atalay A, Sinaci S, Tokalioglu EO, Sahin D, et al. Assessment of fetal Doppler parameters in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection: a prospective case-control study. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2021;49(6):697\u2013701.","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gine.2022.100756","article-title":"Impacto de la infecci\u00f3n materna asintom\u00e1tica por SARSCoV-2 sobre el crecimiento fetal","volume":"49","author":"Bonmat\u00ed-Santan\u00e9 A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonmat\u00ed-Santan\u00e9 A, Maroto A, Mart\u00ednez-Diago C, Perez-del-Campo D, P\u00e9rez-de-Puig M, Mira-Andr\u00e9s M, et al. Impacto de la infecci\u00f3n materna asintom\u00e1tica por SARSCoV-2 sobre el crecimiento fetal. Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia. 2022;49(3):100756.","journal-title":"Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.541","article-title":"Impact of mild COVID-19 infection on fetal growth during pregnancy","volume":"226","author":"Narang K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Narang K, Miller M, Weaver A, Mehta R, Theiler R, Schenone M, et al. Impact of mild COVID-19 infection on fetal growth during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2022;226(1): S321\u2013S2.","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G* Power software","author":"Kang H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G* Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation For Health Professions. 2021;18.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Evaluation For Health Professions"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20272","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth","volume":"53","author":"Salomon LJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salomon LJ, Alfirevic Z, Da Silva Costa F, Deter RL, Figueras F, Ghi T, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;53(6):715\u201323.","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23698","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): use of Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics","volume":"58","author":"Bhide A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhide A, Acharya G, Baschat A, Bilardo CM, Brezinka C, Cafici D, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): use of Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology: the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;58(2):331\u20139.","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology: the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.1.1887021","article-title":"In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard","volume":"181","author":"Hadlock FP","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Martinez-Poyer J. In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard. Radiology. 1991;181(1):129\u201333.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90298-4","article-title":"Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements\u2014a prospective study","volume":"151","author":"Hadlock FP","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hadlock FP, Harrist R, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements\u2014a prospective study. American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology. 1985;151(3):333\u20137.","journal-title":"American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.09.019","article-title":"Reference ranges for serial measurements of umbilical artery Doppler indices in the second half of pregnancy","volume":"192","author":"Acharya G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acharya G, Wilsgaard T, Berntsen GKR, Maltau JM, Kiserud T. Reference ranges for serial measurements of umbilical artery Doppler indices in the second half of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2005;192(3):937\u201344.","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction","author":"Hay WW","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hay Jr WW. Intrauterine growth restriction. Perinatal Nutrition: CRC Press; 2004. p. 124\u201365."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3923","article-title":"Outcomes of fetuses with small head circumference on second-trimester ultrasonography","volume":"32","author":"Deloison B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deloison B, Chalouhi GE, Bernard JP, Ville Y, Salomon LJ. Outcomes of fetuses with small head circumference on second-trimester ultrasonography. Prenatal Diagnosis. 2012;32(9):869\u201374.","journal-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237700","article-title":"Lack of head sparing following third-trimester caloric restriction among Tanzanian Maasai","volume":"15","author":"Powell CD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Powell CD, Wilson WM, Olesaningo G, Manyama M, Jamniczky H, Spritz R, et al. Lack of head sparing following third-trimester caloric restriction among Tanzanian Maasai. PloS One. 2020;15(9): e0237700\u2013e.","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1086\/315449","article-title":"The Impact of Placental Malaria on Gestational Age and Birth Weight","volume":"181","author":"Menendez C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR, Ventura PJ, Aponte JJ, Kahigwa E, et al. The Impact of Placental Malaria on Gestational Age and Birth Weight. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000;181(5):1740\u20135.","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases."}],"container-title":["Annals of Saudi Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T19:04:54Z","timestamp":1702926294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2023.213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5144\/0256-4947.2023.213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2023.213","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-4947","0975-4466"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0256-4947"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0975-4466"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}}}