{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T08:12:02Z","timestamp":1763885522813,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxoplasmosis, an opportunistic intracellular protozoan infection caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and rubella, caused by the rubella virus (RV) are the two most common TORCH infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and rubella infection among child bearing age women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective design<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SETTINGS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multi-center study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included women of childbearing age living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia, who sought medical check-up in one of the governmental public hospitals. Electronic health records of eligible patients were reviewed during the period January 2017 to December 2021 from three major health care institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and rubella infection among women of childbearing age in the Western region of Saudi Arabia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>13 895 women were screened and 2117 women of childbearing age were eligible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 2117 women, seropositive-antibodies-results for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were 148 (6.1%) for IgG antibodies anti-Toxo-IgG-antibodies, 16 (0.8%) for anti-Toxo-IgM-antibodies, and 14 (0.7%) for anti-Toxo-IgG and IgM-antibodies. Univariate analysis showed that the highest proportion of IgG+ women were recorded among 35\u201339 years of age followed by 25\u201329 years. The highest proportion of IgM+ was observed among 40\u201344 years old followed by 35\u201339 years. Among the women tested for rubella seroprevalence, 16 (0.8%) were IgM positive, 1346 (63.6%) were immune (IgG positive), and the remaining 755 (35.7%) were susceptible. Rubella immunity was moderately high (63.6%) but dropped significantly with increasing age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in our study appears to be lower than the global average. Nevertheless, it highlights the need for targeted educational programs and public health initiatives with interventions to raise awareness in the community. Rubella immunity, while moderately high overall, showed a notable decline with increasing age, highlighting regular assessment of rubella vaccination programs in the country to ensure effective prevention and control of the disease. The study highlights the need for future research focusing on the epidemiologic trends of TORCH infections, given their broader implications on public health in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The seroprevalence results were based on a small sample size living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia and may not reflect other regions in the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2025.373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T08:09:23Z","timestamp":1763885363000},"page":"373-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis and rubella infection among women of childbearing age in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia: a five-year, retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Ahmad","family":"Ramadhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medical Laboratory, Jeddah Second Health Cluster, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raafat AbdelMoneim","family":"Hassanein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona Ahmed","family":"Bahasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, King Faisal Specialist Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angham Ahmed","family":"Almakki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital Makkah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talal Adnan","family":"Basha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Pediatric Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alya Ali","family":"AlKaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniyah Tariq","family":"Bayumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-8852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nawaf Mohammed","family":"Al-Dajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.10.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy","volume":"255","author":"Ahmed M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed M, Sood A, Gupta J. 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