{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1787315058374,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Saudi Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare and severe autoimmune disease characterized by pauci-immune necrotizing vasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to explore the frequency, clinical characteristics, and management of AAV patients in two tertiary centers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) over 17 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective observational case series<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two tertiary centers in the UAE<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) from 2008 to 2024 were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, histopathological information, treatment, complications, relapses, and mortality were collected. ANCA testing for anti\u2013proteinase 3 (PR3) and anti\u2013myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to summarize the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subtype distribution, organ involvement, ANCA positivity, relapse, and mortality rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SAMPLE SIZE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-six patients<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 26 AAV patients with a median age of 52.5 years. The majority were females (58%, n=15), and half were locals. The most common AAV subtype was microscopic polyangiitis (50%, n=13), followed by granulomatosis with polyangiitis (38%, n=10) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (12%, n=3). ANCAs tested positive in nearly all of these cases. The most common clinical manifestations of AAV were constitutional symptoms with renal and pulmonary involvement. The induction therapy included corticosteroids, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and plasma exchange. The most prescribed maintenance medications were corticosteroids and azathioprine. The overall relapse rate was 31%, and the overall mortality rate was 19% (n=5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our cohort, MPA was the most common subtype, being predominantly associated with P-ANCA\/MPO-ANCA positivity. Notably, few studies from the Gulf region have addressed this topic. It's unclear whether this finding reflects low occurrence or potential underdiagnosis and, thus, points to unmet needs and a significant gap in the understanding of AAV. Multicenter studies are needed to validate these results and improve AAV management in Middle Eastern populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective design with small number of participants<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2026.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:17:09Z","timestamp":1768990629000},"page":"20-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ANCA-associated vasculitis in the United Arab Emirates: a 17-year case series with review from Gulf literature"],"prefix":"10.5144","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Hala","family":"Shahrour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Mohammed Medical City and Tawam Hospital, Seha, PureHealth, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neama","family":"Luqman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Rheumatology, Sheikh Shakbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"AlKindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Mohammed Medical City and Tawam Hospital, Seha, PureHealth, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mumtaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Rheumatology, Sheikh Shakbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8720-867X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shamma Ahmad","family":"Al Nokhatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"From the Department of Rheumatology, Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Mohammed Medical City and Tawam Hospital, Seha, PureHealth, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3134","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Qasim A Patel JB. ANCA-associated vasculitis. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2025 Nov 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554372\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette JC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon N, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;65(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071446","article-title":"ANCA-associated vasculitis: an update","volume":"10","author":"Almaani S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almaani S, Fussner LA, Brodsky S, Meara AS, Jayne D. ANCA-associated vasculitis: an update. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1446.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"16187","article-title":"Association of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) specificity with demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides","volume":"132","author":"W\u00f3jcik K","year":"2022","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik K, Masiak A, Jeleniewicz R, Szymczak A, Nowak B, Kowalewska M, et al. Association of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) specificity with demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022;132(3):16187.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"198","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in an Argentinian cohort with ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"81","author":"P\u00e9rez N","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez N, Gargiulo M, Suarez L, Khoury M, G\u00f3mez G. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in an Argentinian cohort with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Medicina (B Aires). 2021;81(2):198\u2013207.","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210942","article-title":"Mortality in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"76","author":"Tan JA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan JA, Dehghan N, Chen W, Xie H, Li L, Avina-Zubieta JA, et al. Mortality in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(9):1566\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7624","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm E","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335(7624):806\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O'Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330802","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis","volume":"33","author":"Hunder GG","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hunder GG, Arend WP, Bloch DA, Calabrese LH, Fauci AS, Fries JF, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(8):1065\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000916","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria sets for three types of antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Yazici H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yazici H, Tascilar K, Yazici Y. American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria sets for three types of antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2022;35(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.008","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis","volume":"105","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) ANCA Vasculitis Work Group","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) ANCA Vasculitis Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int. 2024;105(1 Suppl):S71\u2013116.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"671","article-title":"Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis","volume":"87","author":"Luqmani RA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, Janssen BA, Pall A, Emery P, et al. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. QJM. 1994;87(11):671\u20138.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400222","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides","volume":"40","author":"Exley AR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Exley AR, Bacon PA, Luqmani RA, Kitas GD, Gordon C, Savage CO, et al. Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(2):371\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2023.44.5.20220818","article-title":"Common clinical pattern of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"44","author":"Alfuwayris JJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alfuwayris JJ, Almulhim AM, Almansour MA, Albadi MA, Alhomood IA, Alblewi F, et al. Common clinical pattern of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Saudi Med J. 2023;44(5):486\u201391.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"ANCA-associated vasculitis: clinical presentation and clinical predictors of relapse in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alahmari H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alahmari H, Daajani HA, Alsayed F, Alrashid A. ANCA-associated vasculitis: clinical presentation and clinical predictors of relapse in Saudi Arabia. Open Access Rheumatol Res Rev. 2021;13:213\u201320.","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol Res Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.265452","article-title":"Early and late effects of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a single-center experience","volume":"30","author":"Al Hamzi HA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Hamzi HA, Al-Mayouf SM, Al Shaikh AA, Al-Eid M, Al-Harbi S, Al-Saleh S, et al. Early and late effects of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a single-center experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30(4):775\u201380.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.341.13881","article-title":"ANCA-associated vasculitis in patients from Saudi Arabia","volume":"34","author":"Al Arfaj AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Arfaj AS, Khalil N. ANCA-associated vasculitis in patients from Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(1):88\u201393.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.04.031","article-title":"ANCA-associated vasculitis: core curriculum 2020","volume":"75","author":"Geetha D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geetha D, Jefferson JA. ANCA-associated vasculitis: core curriculum 2020. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(1):124\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002949","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002949","article-title":"Stable incidence but increase in prevalence of ANCA-associated vasculitis in southern Sweden: a 23-year study","volume":"9","author":"Rathmann J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rathmann J, Segelmark M, Englund M, Mohammad AJ. Stable incidence but increase in prevalence of ANCA-associated vasculitis in southern Sweden: a 23-year study. RMD Open. 2023;9(1):e002949.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-025-01210-8","article-title":"Aging in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis: from pathophysiology to clinical management","volume":"42","author":"Chevet B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chevet B, Boscato Sopetto G, Pagnoux C, Specks U, Berti A, Cornec D. Aging in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Drugs Aging. 2025;42(7):615\u201331.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/mrcr\/rxad043","article-title":"Newonset severe eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis following the third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Mahdi S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahdi S, Joudeh AI, Raman KS, Faqih SA, Alhatou MI, Wadiwala MF, et al. Newonset severe eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis following the third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a case report. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2023;8(2):153\u20138.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Etrug NE Zayat AS. ANCA-positive vasculitis\u2013rheumatoid arthritis overlap with enthesitis responding to rituximab followed by upadacitinib therapy [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 12]. Available from: https:\/\/gccair.org\/anca-positive-vasculitis-rheumatoid-arthritis-overlap-with-enthesitis-responding-to-rituximab-followed-by-upadacitinib-therapy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Zayat AS Naji S Syed O Al-Herz A Elasareeri A Merashli M et al. ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) \u2013 multisystem involvement. In: Middle East Immunology Summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council Association of Immunology and Rheumatology (GCC AIR); 2023; Dubai United Arab Emirates. Scientific Abstracts and Case Reports [Internet]. 2024 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Nov 12]. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11376690\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"e48055","article-title":"A case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) peripheral neuropathy with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte (MOG) antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Yousuf K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yousuf K, Ibrahim H, Elbashari M, Abouelnaga ME, Alzaabi A. A case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) peripheral neuropathy with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte (MOG) antibodies. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e48055.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1878","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1284_23","article-title":"Severe renal impairment in a patient with recent rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis following methotrexate initiation: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Alharbi FHM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alharbi FHM, Almutairi FS, Aljutayli ZA, Albuhayji SS, Alharbi HDD, Almutairi AS. Severe renal impairment in a patient with recent rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis following methotrexate initiation: a case report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 2):S1878\u201382.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.1.20210914","article-title":"A limited form of granulomatosis with polyangiitis in an ulcerative colitis patient receiving sulfasalazine","volume":"43","author":"Alokaily F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alokaily F, AlKathiri R, AlKathiri S, Alrashidi S. A limited form of granulomatosis with polyangiitis in an ulcerative colitis patient receiving sulfasalazine. Saudi Med J. 2022;43(1):105\u20137.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238959","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238959","article-title":"Rapidly worsening pneumonia in a middle-aged woman: a rare diagnosis and a crucial management decision","volume":"14","author":"Thomas L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas L, Mohammed A, Shaikh NA, Aldaham TA. Rapidly worsening pneumonia in a middle-aged woman: a rare diagnosis and a crucial management decision. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(3):e238959.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.4.2021.038","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg\u2013Strauss disease)","volume":"21","author":"Umairi RSA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umairi RSA, Manei KA, Lawati FA, Mahrouqi YA, Balushi FA. Cardiac involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg\u2013Strauss disease). Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2021;21(4):644\u20137.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236469","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236469","article-title":"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with unilateral facial nerve palsy and nasal septum perforation","volume":"14","author":"Zaeri B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaeri B, Khan S, Hegazy A, Ghanim NA. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with unilateral facial nerve palsy and nasal septum perforation. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(2):e236469.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"7275860","article-title":"A case of rituximab use as an induction and maintenance of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"2016","author":"Awad N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Awad N, Hafiz S, Albeity A, Almoallim H. A case of rituximab use as an induction and maintenance of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2016;2016:7275860.","journal-title":"Case Rep Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.168666","article-title":"Wegener's granulomatosis developing for the first time in a patient eight years after starting maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Ali AR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ali AR, El-Reshaid K. Wegener's granulomatosis developing for the first time in a patient eight years after starting maintenance hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(6):1262\u20135.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.185264","article-title":"Hilar and para-aortic necrotizing lymphadenopathy associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis","volume":"27","author":"El-Reshaid K","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Reshaid K, Varro J, Madda J. Hilar and para-aortic necrotizing lymphadenopathy associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27(4):795\u20138.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.6.14718","article-title":"An eosinophilic variant granulomatosis with polyangiitis involving the dura, bilateral orbits, and mastoids","volume":"37","author":"Al-Hakami H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Hakami H, Al-Arfaj AS, Al-Sohaibani M, Khalil NA. An eosinophilic variant granulomatosis with polyangiitis involving the dura, bilateral orbits, and mastoids. Saudi Med J. 2016;37(6):690\u20133.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Jabur WL Saeed HM. ANCA-positive pauci-immune rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010;21(3):526\u201330. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20427883"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100141398","article-title":"Wegener's granulomatosis: first case report in Bahrain","volume":"112","author":"Jamal A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jamal A, Ebrahim RA, Tammam N, Kanekar S. Wegener's granulomatosis: first case report in Bahrain. J Laryngol Otol. 1998;112(7):664\u20136.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Incidence and clinical predictors of infections in patients treated with severe systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"108","author":"Haris \u00c1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haris \u00c1, Polner K, Ar\u00e1nyi J, Braunitzer H, Kasz\u00e1s I. Incidence and clinical predictors of infections in patients treated with severe systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis. Physiol Int. 2021;108(1):66\u201379.","journal-title":"Physiol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223401","article-title":"Risk factors for serious infections in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"82","author":"Odler B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Odler B, Riedl R, Gauckler P, Shin JI, Leierer J, Merkel PA, et al. Risk factors for serious infections in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(5):681\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137778","article-title":"Long-term patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"70","author":"Flossmann O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flossmann O, Berden A, de Groot K, Hagen C, Harper L, Heijl C, et al. Long-term patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):488\u201394.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii79","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez617","article-title":"Comorbidities in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"59","author":"Kronbichler A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kronbichler A, Leierer J, Gauckler P, Shin JI. Comorbidities in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(Suppl 3):iii79\u201383.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215013192513630","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319251363020","article-title":"Comorbidities and risk factors associated with inflammatory vasculitis in the adult population","volume":"16","author":"Millstein ID","year":"2025","unstructured":"Millstein ID, Kumar A, Bishop Z, Pingol AJ, Sprankle K, Ai E, et al. Comorbidities and risk factors associated with inflammatory vasculitis in the adult population. J Prim Care Community Health. 2025;16:21501319251363020.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783757","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.783757","article-title":"Different types of ANCA determine different clinical phenotypes and outcome in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV)","volume":"8","author":"Bantis K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bantis K, Stangou MJ, Kalpakidis S, Mitropoulou G, Ioannidou A, Papagianni A, et al. Different types of ANCA determine different clinical phenotypes and outcome in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:783757.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010208","article-title":"How we treat ANCA-associated vasculitis: a focus on the maintenance therapy","volume":"14","author":"Roccatello D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roccatello D, Fenoglio R, De Simone E, Sciascia S. How we treat ANCA-associated vasculitis: a focus on the maintenance therapy. J Clin Med. 2025;14(1):208.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06460622","article-title":"Maintenance of remission and risk of relapse in myeloperoxidase-positive ANCA-associated vasculitis with kidney involvement","volume":"18","author":"Casal Moura M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Casal Moura M, Specks U, Tehranian S, Morris D, Fervenza FC, Zand L, et al. Maintenance of remission and risk of relapse in myeloperoxidase-positive ANCA-associated vasculitis with kidney involvement. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023;18(1):47\u201359.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001030","article-title":"Evaluation of PR3-ANCA status after rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"25","author":"McClure ME","year":"2019","unstructured":"McClure ME, Wason J, Gopaluni S, Jayne D, Smith R, Jones R, et al. Evaluation of PR3-ANCA status after rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2019;25(5):217\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223764","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update","volume":"83","author":"Hellmich B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hellmich B, Sanchez-Alamo B, Schirmer JH, Moosig F, Jayne D, Merkel PA, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(1):30\u201347.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023386","article-title":"Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"384","author":"Jayne DR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayne DR, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, Bekker P. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(7):599\u2013609.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e064604","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-064604","article-title":"The effects of plasma exchange in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"Walsh M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walsh M, Collister D, Zeng L, Guyatt G, Ewald B, Pagnoux C, et al. The effects of plasma exchange in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022;376:e064604.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161224","article-title":"Pulmonary involvement in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis: the influence of ANCA subtype","volume":"44","author":"Mohammad AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohammad AJ, Mortensen KH, Babar J, Westman K, Segelmark M, Holle JU, et al. Pulmonary involvement in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis: the influence of ANCA subtype. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(10):1458\u201367.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01020113","article-title":"Renal survival in proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis","volume":"8","author":"de Joode AAE","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Joode AAE, Sanders JSF, Stegeman CA. Renal survival in proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(10):1709\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1409129","article-title":"Treatment goals in ANCA-associated vasculitis: defining success in a new era","volume":"15","author":"Alberici F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alberici F, Tedesco M, Popov T, Balcells-Oliver M, Mescia F. Treatment goals in ANCA-associated vasculitis: defining success in a new era. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1409129.","journal-title":"Front Immunol."}],"container-title":["Annals of Saudi Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:17:32Z","timestamp":1768990652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2026.20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5144\/0256-4947.2026.20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2026.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-4947","0975-4466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-4947","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-4466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}