{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:39:43Z","timestamp":1766587183486,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"AVES YAYINCILIK A.\u015e.","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intolerance to wheat and gluten intake has gained public and scientific interest in recent years. Celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy are wheat-related disorders with a well-defined etiological mechanism alongside corresponding diagnostic tests. In addition, patients also self-report intolerance toward wheat and gluten that does not meet the criteria of CD and wheat allergy. This gives rise to a third category, namely non-celiac wheat sensitivity (also referred to as non-celiac gluten sensitivity). However, this category is controversial. Unlike CD and wheat allergy, the pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. When conducting double-blinded placebo-controlled trials, only a small proportion of patients can correctly identify gluten from a placebo based on symptoms, indicating a substantial nocebo component. In fact, it has been posited that non-celiac wheat sensitivity is simply a form of irritable bowel syndrome. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of the 3 abovementioned conditions.\r\n\u00a0\r\nCite this article as: Khan U, Lied GA. Wheat-related gastrointestinal diseases: Narrative review. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2025;36(9):540-546.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2025.25375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T12:53:44Z","timestamp":1756299224000},"page":"540-546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wheat-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases: Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.5152","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6280-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umael","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclen","family":"Arslan Lied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3111","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"container-title":["Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.turkjgastroenterol.org\/index.php\/tjg\/article\/download\/4265\/3927","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.turkjgastroenterol.org\/index.php\/tjg\/article\/download\/4265\/3927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:38:02Z","timestamp":1766587082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.turkjgastroenterol.org\/index.php\/tjg\/article\/view\/4265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/tjg.2025.25375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2148-5607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2148-5607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}