{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:54:48Z","timestamp":1790909688917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nine pig farms were evaluated for the welfare quality in Korea using animal- and\n                    environment-based parameters (particularly air quality parameters) during the\n                    winter of 2013. The Welfare Quality\u00ae (WQ\u00ae)\n                    protocol consists of 12 criteria within four principles. The\n                        WQ\u00ae protocol classifies farms into four categories ranging\n                    from \u2018excellent\u2019 to \u2018not classified\u2019. Each of these\n                    criteria has specific measures for calculating scores. Calculations for the\n                    welfare scores were conducted online using the calculation model in the\n                        WQ\u00ae protocol. Environment-based parameters like\n                    microclimate (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, air speed, and particulate\n                    matter), bacteria (total airborne bacteria, airborne total coliform, and\n                    airborne total Escherichia coli), concentration of gases\n                    (carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide) were measured to investigate the\n                    relationship between animal- and environment-based parameters. Correlations\n                    between the results of animal- and environment-based parameters were estimated\n                    using spearman correlation coefficient. The overall assessments found that five\n                    out of nine farms were \u2018acceptable\u2019, and four farms were\n                    \u2018enhanced\u2019; no farm was \u2018not classified\u2019. The\n                    average score for the four principles across the nine farms, in decreasing\n                    order, were \u2018good feeding\u2019 (63.13 points) &gt; \u2018good\n                    housing\u2019 (59.26 points) &gt; \u2018good health\u2019 (33.47 points)\n                    &gt; \u2018appropriate behaviors\u2019 (25.48 points). In the result of the\n                    environment aspect, the relative humidity of farms 2 (93.4%), 3 (100%), and 9\n                    (98%) was much higher than the recommended maximum relative humidity of 80%, and\n                    four out of the nine farms had ammonia concentrations greater than 40 ppm.\n                    Ammonia had negative correlations with \u2018positive social behaviors\u2019\n                    and positive emotional states: content, enjoying, sociable, playful, lively,\n                    happy and it had positive correlations with negative emotional states: aimless,\n                    distressed. The concentration of carbon dioxide had negative correlations with\n                    positive emotional states; calm, sociable, playful, happy and it had a positive\n                    correlation with negative emotional state; aimless. Our results indicate that\n                    the control of the environment for growing pigs can help improve their welfare,\n                    particularly via good air quality (carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen\n                    sulfide).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T04:32:51Z","timestamp":1652157171000},"page":"539-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Correlation of animal-based parameters with environment-based\n                    parameters in an on-farm welfare assessment of growing pigs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8763-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Animal Welfare Research (CAWR), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangeun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b1c9541","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Communication and Advisory Services in Rural Areas Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70593, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Animal Welfare Research (CAWR), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600017516","article-title":"Science, values and animal welfare: exploring the\n                        \u2018inextricable connection\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Fraser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600026129","article-title":"Applications for methods of on-farm welfare\n                        assessment","volume":"12","author":"Main","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B3","first-page":"26","article-title":"Assessment of farm animal welfare at herd level: many goals, many\n                        methods","volume":"51","author":"Johnsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031419","article-title":"Formal animal-based welfare assessment in UK certification\n                        schemes","volume":"16","author":"Main","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B5","volume-title":"Welfare Quality assessment protocol for pigs (sows and piglets, growing\n                        and finishing pigs) [Internet]","author":"Welfare Quality","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B6","unstructured":"Temple\n                            D\n                        \n                    Animal welfare assessment on intensive and extensive pig farms\n                    Ph.D. dissertation\n                    Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain\n                    Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\n                    2012"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8070125","article-title":"Seasonal differences in animal welfare assessment of family\n                        farming dual-purpose cattle raised under tropical conditions","volume":"8","author":"Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000366","article-title":"Application of the Welfare Quality\u00ae assessment system on\n                        European beef bull farms","volume":"8","author":"Kirchner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-014-0034-0","article-title":"Development of pig welfare assessment protocol integrating\n                        animal-, environment-, and management-based measures","volume":"57","author":"Renggaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2399","article-title":"Effect of microclimate on particulate matter, airborne bacteria,\n                        and odorous compounds in swine nursery houses","volume":"88","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B11","volume-title":"Mikroklimat w obiektach inwentarskich dla trzody chlewnej i\n                        byd\u0142a.","author":"Lewandowski","year":"1997"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B12","first-page":"95","article-title":"Ocena mikroklimatu w budynku dla loch w r\u00f3\u017cnych\n                        porach roku","volume":"2","author":"Augusty\u0144ska-Prejsnar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Problemy In\u017cynierii Rolniczej."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108685","article-title":"Concentrated swine feeding operations and public health: a review\n                        of occupational and community health effects","volume":"108","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.27.3.275","article-title":"Assessing the welfare level of intensive fattening pig farms in\n                        Germany with the Welfare Quality\u00ae protocol: does farm size\n                        matter?","volume":"27","author":"Meyer-Hamme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Welf."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B15","unstructured":"Korean Statistical Information Service\n                    The number of farms and the number of pigs by province and city\/farm\n                        size [Internet]\n                    2013\n                    [cited 2021 Dec 18]\n                    https:\/\/kosis.kr\/statisticsList\/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01&outLink=Y&entrType=#content-group"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B16","unstructured":"Livestock Policy Division\n                    The requirements for permission and registration of livestock industry\n                        in the Enforcement Decree of the Livestock Industry Act (14).\n                        (Implementation March 25, 2021 \/ Presidential Decree No. 30974, August 26,\n                        2020, partially amended) [Internet]\n                    Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs\n                    2020\n                    [cited 2021 Dec 18]\n                    https:\/\/law.go.kr\/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9\/%EC%B6%95%EC%82%B0%EB%B2%95%20%EC%8B%9C%ED%96%89%EB%A0%B9"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031316","article-title":"Testing different methods to evaluate pig welfare on\n                        farm","volume":"16","author":"Courboulay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031699","article-title":"How animals communicate quality of life: the qualitative\n                        assessment of behavior","volume":"16","author":"Wemelsfelder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.01.058","article-title":"Key volatile organic compounds emitted from swine nursery\n                        house","volume":"45","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos Environ."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2010.10.003","article-title":"Application of the Welfare Quality\u00ae protocol to\n                        assess growing pigs kept under intensive conditions in Spain","volume":"6","author":"Temple","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Behav."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111001868","article-title":"The welfare of growing pigs in five different production systems:\n                        assessment of feeding and housing","volume":"6","author":"Temple","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001779","article-title":"Does group size have an impact on welfare indicators in fattening\n                        pigs?","volume":"10","author":"Meyer-Hamme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B23","unstructured":"Smith\n                            WJ\n                        \n                    A study of adventitious bursitis of the hock of the pig\n                    Ph.D. dissertation\n                    Edinburgh, Scotland\n                    The University of Edinburgh\n                    1993"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.5.109","article-title":"Adventitious bursitis of the hock in finishing pigs: prevalence,\n                        distribution and association with floor type and foot\n                        lesions","volume":"142","author":"Mouttotou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(98)00141-X","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with adventitious bursitis\n                        in live growing and finishing pigs in south-west England","volume":"39","author":"Mouttotou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B26","first-page":"20","article-title":"Ethically chosen studies with early-weaned piglets during their\n                        raising in pens with different applications of straw. 1. The effects of\n                        different applications of straw and different floor conditions in areas of\n                        uniform size","volume":"96","author":"Marx","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00154-5","article-title":"Lying characteristics as determinants for space requirements in\n                        pigs","volume":"80","author":"Ekkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600000932","article-title":"Welfare assessment in 82 pig farms: effect of animal age and\n                        floor type on behaviour and injuries in fattening pigs","volume":"18","author":"Courboulay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"issue":"(3-4)","key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.09.001","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and associated risk\n                        factors for bursitis in weaner, grower and finisher pigs from 93 commercial\n                        farms in England","volume":"83","author":"Gillman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(95)00050-U","article-title":"A comparison of productivity and welfare of growing pigs in four\n                        intensive systems","volume":"43","author":"Lyons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-591-8","volume-title":"On farm monitoring of pig welfare","author":"Velarde","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.002","article-title":"Pain mechanisms and their implication for the management of pain\n                        in farm and companion animals","volume":"174","author":"Vi\u00f1uela-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.01.013","article-title":"Assessment of animal welfare through behavioural parameters in\n                        Iberian pigs in intensive and extensive conditions","volume":"131","author":"Temple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69125017x","article-title":"The implications of cognitive processes for animal\n                        welfare","volume":"69","author":"Duncan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00631-2","article-title":"The effect of environmental stimulation on the development of\n                        behaviour in pigs","volume":"45","author":"Petersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(79)90076-2","article-title":"Ever been close to a nosey pig?","volume":"5","author":"Van Putten","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl Anim Ethol."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.28421","article-title":"Electronic sensing of non-destructive chewing by growing\n                        pigs","volume":"36","author":"Feddes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans ASAE"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(76)90067-5","article-title":"A comparative study of the well-being of piglets reared\n                        conventionally and in cages","volume":"2","author":"Van Putten","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl Anim Ethol."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B39","volume-title":"Farm animal behaviour and welfare","author":"Fraser","year":"1990","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00276-9","article-title":"A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in\n                        pigs","volume":"81","author":"Moinard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080477","article-title":"Understanding cows\u2019 emotions on farm: are eye white and\n                        ear posture reliable indicators?","volume":"9","author":"Battini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(71)80104-5","article-title":"Frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl","volume":"19","author":"Duncan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anim Behav."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8909-1","volume-title":"The welfare of pigs","author":"Marchant-Forde","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B44","volume-title":"Intensive pig production: environmental management and design","author":"Baxter","year":"1984"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.02.001","article-title":"Assessing the human\u2013animal relationship in farmed species:\n                        a critical review","volume":"101","author":"Waiblinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860001544X","article-title":"The human-animal relationship in agriculture and its consequences\n                        for the animal","volume":"2","author":"Hemsworth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.05.006","article-title":"Can we measure human\u2013animal interactions in on-farm animal\n                        welfare assessment?: some unresolved issues","volume":"92","author":"de Passill\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.004","article-title":"Qualitative Behavioural Assessment of emotionality in\n                        pigs","volume":"139","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B49","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Assessment of animal welfare measures for sows, piglets and fattening\n                        pigs","author":"Wemelsfelder","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1466","article-title":"Diversity of behaviour during novel object tests is reduced in\n                        pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions","volume":"60","author":"Wemelsfelder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Behav."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B51","volume-title":"Swine care handbook","author":"Moines","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cargill\n                            C\n                        \n                        \n                            Byrt\n                            D\n                        \n                    \n                    The effect of environmental temperature on the development of elements\n                        of intestinal immunity in pigs\n                    In\n                    Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Enteric Infections\n                        and their Control\n                    1983\n                    Perth, WA\n                    10.1016\/0378-1135(83)90090-1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(83)90090-1"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(81)90032-4","article-title":"Effects of environmental temperature on the growth rates of\n                        early-weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"Le Dividich","year":"1981","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(91)90069-3","article-title":"Influence of daily intermittent draught on the health status of\n                        weaned pigs","volume":"29","author":"Scheepens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B55","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"Cameron","year":"2006","edition":"9th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.72102599x","article-title":"Heat and social stress effects on pig immune\n                        measures","volume":"72","author":"Morrow-Tesch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002702","article-title":"Humidity and respiratory virus transmission in tropical and\n                        temperate settings","volume":"143","author":"Paynter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B58","unstructured":"Boyle\n                            L\n                        \n                        \n                            Quinn\n                            A\n                        \n                        \n                            Calderon Diaz\n                            JA\n                        \n                    Lameness in pigs\n                    In\n                    Pig Farmers\u2019 Conference 2013\n                    2013\n                    Ireland\n                    p\n                    47\n                    50"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082338","article-title":"Behavior and welfare of undocked heavy pigs raised in buildings\n                        with different ventilation systems","volume":"11","author":"Vitali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2007.12.006","article-title":"Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in pig buildings in\n                        Korea","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405265","article-title":"Airborne bacteria, endotoxin and fungi in dust in poultry and\n                        swine confinement buildings","volume":"44","author":"Clark","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(94)90218-6","article-title":"The assessment of bioaerosols: a critical review","volume":"25","author":"Griffiths","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1998.0278","article-title":"Emissions of aerial pollutants in livestock buildings in Northern\n                        Europe: overview of a multinational project","volume":"70","author":"Wathes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Agric Eng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.04.023","article-title":"Odour and ammonia emissions from intensive pig units in\n                        Ireland","volume":"97","author":"Hayes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.10.004","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distributions of aerial contaminants in an\n                        enclosed pig building in winter","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B66","volume-title":"TLVs and BEIs: Threshold limit values for chemical substances and\n                        physical agents and biological exposure indices","author":"ACGIH [American Conference of Governmental Industrial\n                            Hygienists]","year":"1999"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001084","article-title":"The impact of chronic environmental stressors on growing pigs,\n                        Sus scrofa (part 2): social behaviour","volume":"4","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00130-5","article-title":"Operant responses of pigs to atmospheric ammonia","volume":"58","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800050384","article-title":"Trade-off between ammonia exposure and thermal comfort in pigs\n                        and the influence of social contact","volume":"68","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.11067","article-title":"Aversion of pigs and domestic fowl to atmospheric\n                        ammonia","volume":"45","author":"Wathes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans ASAE"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(96)01048-9","article-title":"The preference of pigs for fresh air over ammoniated\n                        air","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001072","article-title":"The impact of chronic environmental stressors on growing pigs,\n                        Sus scrofa (part 1): stress physiology, production and play\n                        behaviour","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B73","volume-title":"Swine welfare assurance program: a program of America\u2019s pork\n                        producers","author":"Moines","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.24120","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions\n                        in Australian piggeries: Part 1. Study justification and\n                        design","volume":"14","author":"Banhazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Agric Saf Health"},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B75","first-page":"49","article-title":"Respiratory health status in swine producers relates to endotoxin\n                        exposure in the presence of low dust levels","volume":"36","author":"Zejda","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Occup Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1202\/0002-8894(2000)061<0056:IOBMEF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of building maintenance, environmental factors, and\n                        seasons on airborne contaminants of swine confinement\n                        buildings","volume":"61","author":"Duchaine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J."},{"key":"key2.0261002112408e+13_B77","unstructured":"Air Management Division\n                    The act of odor prevention (Implementation January 5, 2021 \/ Act No.\n                        17845, January 5, 2021, partially amended) [Internet]\n                    Ministry of Environment\n                    [cited 2021 Dec 18]\n                    https:\/\/www.law.go.kr\/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9\/%EC%95%85%EC%B7%A8%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2022.e23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2022.e23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:48:50Z","timestamp":1790909330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2022.e23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2022.e23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2022.e23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}