{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:53:29Z","timestamp":1790913209984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance poses challenges to humans and animals, especially to\n                    the poultry sector in control of fowl typhoid with antibiotics, leading to\n                    increased mortality and food insecurity. Therefore, it is essential to develop\n                    more effective medications as alternatives to antibiotics. Currently, zinc oxide\n                    and copper oxide nanoparticles are of such significant interest due to their\n                    antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of\n                    zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against fowl typhoid in broilers.\n                    Ninety broiler chicks were raised under suitable management conditions. On day\n                    10 of age, chicks were divided into six groups: control negative, control\n                    positive, T1, T2, T3, and T4. On day\n                    19 of age, chicks in all groups except control negative were infected with\n                        Salmonella gallinarum (0.2 mL, 108 CFU\/mL).\n                    After appearance of clinical signs, the treatments (Florfenicol; 50 mg\/L\n                    drinking water [T1], and zinc oxide + copper oxide nanoparticles; 25\n                    + 10 mg\/kg\/d [T2], 37.5 + 15 mg\/kg\/d [T3], and 50 + 20\n                    mg\/kg\/d [T4]) were administered to chicks. Chicks were sacrificed on\n                    26th and 30th day of age, and samples of blood and tissue were obtained.\n                    Hematological analysis with gross and histopathological examination of spleen,\n                    thymus and bursa of Fabricius was performed. Results revealed that there was no\n                    visible congestion in spleen and thymus of T3 and T4 at\n                    11th day post infection. Antibody level against new castle\u2019s disease and\n                    lymphoproliferative response showed no significant difference in all groups.\n                    However, phagocytic response in nanoparticles treated groups exhibited a notable\n                        (p &lt; 0.01) distinction compared to control positive.\n                    Notably, T3 demonstrated the highest level of phagocytic activity.\n                    Hematological parameters, including lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, and\n                    heterophils\/lymphocytes ratio in groups T2, T3, and\n                        T4, indicated significant (p &lt; 0.01)\n                    difference compared to control positive. However, lymphocytes, heterophils, and\n                    heterophils\/lymphocytes ratio in groups T2, T3, and\n                        T4 showed no significant difference when compared to\n                        T1. Nanoparticle treated groups showed decreased\n                        (p &lt; 0.01) congestion of spleen and thymus as\n                    compared to control positive. Overall, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles\n                    have potential to serve as an alternative to florfenicol in treatment of fowl\n                    typhoid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T20:38:02Z","timestamp":1694551082000},"page":"962-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles as potential\n                    alternatives to antibiotics for managing fowl typhoid in\n                    broilers"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5585-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Atif","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eungyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shakeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035zn2q74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Fiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035zn2q74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6553-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeonjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chae Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0444-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2402-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanghyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Tariq","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoung Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c17130","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Horse Industry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B1","first-page":"172","article-title":"An empirical estimation of the factors affecting demand and\n                        supply of poultry meat","volume":"30","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.15406\/ijawb.2020.05.00171","article-title":"Scope specification of coccidiosis in the poultry on\n                        researchers","volume":"5","author":"Cisman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Avian Wildlife Biol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933917000071","article-title":"Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and\n                        challenges","volume":"73","author":"Mottet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS200436","article-title":"The contribution of poultry to rural development","volume":"61","author":"Mack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010174","article-title":"Dynamics of Salmonella enterica and antimicrobial resistance in\n                        the Brazilian poultry industry and global impacts on public\n                        health","volume":"18","author":"Alikhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-022-02482-x","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of copper oxide nanoparticles against E.\n                        coli induced infection in broilers","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2015.b65","article-title":"Incidence of poultry diseases in different seasons in Khushab\n                        district, Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B8","first-page":"48","article-title":"Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in poultry: a\n                        review","volume":"9","author":"Berhanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v7i2.5999","article-title":"Prevalence of infectious diseases of broiler chickens in Gazipur\n                        district","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.10.012","article-title":"A longitudinal study on the incidence of mortality of infectious\n                        diseases of commercial layer birds in Bangladesh","volume":"109","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.053","article-title":"Generation of a safety enhanced Salmonella Gallinarum ghost using\n                        antibiotic resistance free plasmid and its potential as an effective\n                        inactivated vaccine candidate against fowl typhoid","volume":"32","author":"Jawale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B12","first-page":"001","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonality of fowl typhoid disease in\n                        Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Mbuko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Res."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B13","first-page":"266","article-title":"Use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in poultry and livestock:\n                        mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"33","author":"Poole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles\n                        as substitute of antibiotics against fowl typhoid in\n                        broilers","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Zool."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020075","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial resistance of\n                        salmonella isolates originating from the broiler production value chain in\n                        Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Oloso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00635-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the globalized food chain: a One\n                        Health perspective applied to the poultry industry","volume":"53","author":"de Mesquita Souza Saraiva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5772\/67438","article-title":"Prevalence, risks and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in\n                        poultry production chain","volume-title":"Current topics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis","author":"Mouttotou","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00606.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: problems and\n                        perspectives in food- and water-borne infections","volume":"26","author":"Threlfall","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01554-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens","volume":"4","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B20","first-page":"151","article-title":"Role of nanotechnology in medicine","volume":"44","author":"Naik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Everyman\u2019s Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S35347","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles against\n                        Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: a comparative\n                        study","volume":"7","author":"Azam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24312","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24312","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO and Nd doped ZnO\n                        nanoparticles against ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella\n                        pneumoniae","volume":"6","author":"Hameed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2020.412563","article-title":"Investigation of in-vitro antibacterial and seed germination\n                        properties of green synthesized pure and nickel doped ZnO\n                        nanoparticles","volume":"601","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys B Condens Matter"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02369-4","article-title":"Eco-friendly mycogenic synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles for\n                        in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal\n                        applications","volume":"199","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e2","article-title":"Supplementation of nano-zinc in lower doses as an alternative to\n                        pharmacological doses of ZnO in weanling pigs","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z","article-title":"Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind\n                        antibacterial activity","volume":"15","author":"Slavin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.17035","article-title":"The growing role of nanotechnology in combating infectious\n                        disease","volume":"2","author":"Blecher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02149-10","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide\n                        nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"77","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109968","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles against gram\n                        positive and gram negative strains","volume":"104","author":"Dadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e24","article-title":"Effects of hot-melt extruded nano-copper on the Cu\n                        bioavailability and growth of broiler chickens","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e48","article-title":"Effects of dietary copper sources and levels on growth\n                        performance, copper digestibility, fecal and serum mineral characteristics\n                        in growing pigs","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e118","article-title":"Fecal microbiome shifts by different forms of copper\n                        supplementations in growing pigs","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.808","article-title":"Synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by precipitation method using\n                        different precursors","volume":"34","author":"Phiwdang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Procedia."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i6.29376","article-title":"Characterization and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles\n                        synthesized by co precipitation method","volume":"10","author":"Manyasree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Appl Pharm."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B35","first-page":"526","article-title":"The chicken in-house environment can be improved by the use of\n                        nanotechnology","volume":"42","author":"Zarnab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park Vet J."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B36","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Bancroft","year":"1996","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B37","volume-title":"A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian\n                        pathogens","author":"Swayne","year":"1998","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.12.1705","article-title":"Cell-mediated and humoral immunity and phagocytic ability in\n                        chicken lines divergently selected for serum immunoglobulin M and G\n                        levels","volume":"79","author":"Sarker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2307\/1591421","article-title":"Comparison of phytohemagglutinin-induced cutaneous\n                        hypersensitivity reactions in the interdigital skin of broiler and layer\n                        chicks","volume":"34","author":"Corrier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B40","volume-title":"Outline of veterinary clinical pathology","author":"Benjamin","year":"1978","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02595-4","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in\n                        chickens","volume":"199","author":"Morsy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03400-7","article-title":"The efficacy of metal nanocomposite (Fe3O4\/CuO\/ZnO) to ameliorate\n                        the toxic effects of ochratoxin in broilers","volume":"18","author":"Al Shap","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-011-1371-8","article-title":"Haematological and some biochemical changes in experimental fowl\n                        typhoid infection in broiler chickens","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2013.725-729","article-title":"Pathomicrobial studies on Salmonella Gallinarum infection in\n                        broiler chickens","volume":"6","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.5897\/AJCPath2018.0010","article-title":"Some plasma biochemical changes in layers experimentally infected\n                        with Salmonella gallinarum","volume":"9","author":"Chiroma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Cell Pathol."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.017","article-title":"Effects of a probiotic on the growth performance, intestinal\n                        flora, and immune function of chicks infected with Salmonella\n                        pullorum","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012004","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/722\/1\/012004","article-title":"Effect of adding silver nanoparticles with drinking water on some\n                        lymphatic organs and microflora in the intestinal for broiler chickens (ROSS\n                        308)","volume":"722","author":"Al-Saeedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B48","first-page":"389","article-title":"Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles supplementation on mortality\n                        due to ascites and performance growth in broiler chickens","volume":"6","author":"Fathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Appl Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.026100211322e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1267-4","article-title":"Effects of silver nanoparticles on hematological parameters and\n                        hepatorenal functions in laying japanese Quails","volume":"185","author":"Rezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem 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