{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:30Z","timestamp":1792790130888,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade","award":["GSKM2022-87, YZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSKM2022-87, YZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wyazh59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade","award":["2021KTSCX231, YZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KTSCX231, YZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wyazh59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-35, QL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-35, QL"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 150 crossbred male pigs (21 \u00b1 1 days old; 8.85 \u00b1 0.15 kg\n                    body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with five\n                    replicates per treatment and six pigs per pen to evaluate the effect of\n                    paraformic acid (PFA), as a substitute to antibiotics, on growth performance,\n                    intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota of nursery pigs. The treatments were:\n                    1) Negative control (NC): nutrient adequate control diet; 2) PFA1: similar to NC\n                    plus 0.30% PFA; 3) PFA2: similar to NC plus 0.60% PFA; 4) PFA3: similar to NC\n                    plus 1.0% PFA; and 5) Positive control (PC): similar to NC plus 0.15% of\n                    chlortetracycline. Pigs were fed the same nutritional profile during the\n                    two-phase feeding regime (phase 1 [P1; d 0\u201314], and phase 2 [P2; d\n                    15\u201330]). Initial BW, and BW and feed disappearance at the end of each\n                    phase were recorded to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily\n                    gain (ADG), and feed to gain ratio (F: G). The Fecal score was determined at the\n                    end of P1, while the intestinal morphology and microbiota analysis were\n                    performed at the end of P2. Pigs fed PFA2 had higher ADG than those fed NC in\n                    P1. A quadratic response was found in the overall phase 1 and phase 2\n                    (P1&amp;2) with the highest ADG in pigs fed PFA2 (p &lt;\n                    0.05). Pigs fed PC had the highest ADFI during P2 and overall P1&amp;2\n                        (p &lt; 0.05). The PFA2 group had the lowest F:G ratio\n                    among treatments in P1 and P2, with a quadratic response in the overall\n                    P1&amp;2 (p &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed PFA1, PFA2, PFA3, and\n                    PC showed better fecal consistency than NC (p &lt; 0.05).\n                    No differences were found in intestinal morphology among treatments. PFA groups\n                    supplementation modulated the relative abundance of\n                        Lactobacillus and Streptococcus in the\n                    jejunum. In the cecum, PFA2 had a higher relative abundance of\n                        Prevotella when compared to NC, but lower than PC. In\n                    addition, pigs fed the NC diet had higher abundance of\n                        Treponema and Methanobrevibacter than\n                    other treatments. In conclusion, the supplementation of 0.6% PFA improved growth\n                    performance and modulated gut microbiota in nursery pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T20:38:02Z","timestamp":1694551082000},"page":"1002-1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of paraformic acid supplementation, as an antibiotic\n                    replacement, on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota of\n                    nursery pigs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wyazh59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Qingyuan 511500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5840-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8308-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v9jqt67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Centre for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-4597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafeng","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Numega Nutrition, Singapore 179098, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4927-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mudarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0070j0q91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Chiriqui 04004, Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned 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Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.025","article-title":"Understanding weaning distress","volume":"110","author":"Weary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.002","article-title":"Husbandry practices and gut health outcomes in weaned piglets: a\n                        review","volume":"3","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1520","article-title":"Small intestine epithelial barrier function is compromised in\n                        pigs with low feed intake at weaning","volume":"131","author":"Spreeuwenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00046","article-title":"Nutritional intervention for the intestinal development and\n                        health of weaned pigs","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.12.006","article-title":"The influence of different management systems and age on\n                        intestinal morphology, immune cell numbers and mucin production from goblet\n                        cells in post-weaning pigs","volume":"111","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.026","article-title":"Changes in caecal microbiota and mucosal morphology of weaned\n                        pigs","volume":"124","author":"Castillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in postweaning piglets: understanding\n                        the keys to health","volume":"25","author":"Gresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0299-7","article-title":"Post weaning diarrhea in pigs: risk factors and\n                        non-colistin-based control strategies","volume":"59","author":"Rhouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00136","article-title":"Antibiotic application and resistance in swine production in\n                        China: current situation and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123966","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistance genes in pig manure composting\n                        influenced by inoculation of compound microbial agents","volume":"317","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human\n                        health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0062-9","article-title":"Occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicity of antibiotics in\n                        agro-ecosystems. 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impacts on bird\u2019s health and\n                        production","volume":"101","author":"El-hack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2015.1031775","article-title":"Effect of protected organic acid blends on growth performance,\n                        nutrient digestibility and faecal micro flora in growing\n                        pigs","volume":"44","author":"Upadhaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B20","first-page":"3302","article-title":"Supplementation with organic acids showing different effects on\n                        growth performance, gut morphology, and microbiota of weaned pigs fed with\n                        highly or less digestible diets","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim 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effect of reduced feed pH, phytase addition and their\n                        interaction on mineral utilization in pigs","volume":"248","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2021-0080","article-title":"Effect of dietary organic acids supplementation on growth\n                        performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut morphology in weaned\n                        pigs","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txac145","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac145","article-title":"Effects of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate on weanling pig\n                        growth performance, fecal consistency, fecal microbiota, and serum\n                        immunity","volume":"6","author":"Dahmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.201307491","article-title":"Corrosion and passivation of the 304 stainless steel in formic\n                        acid solutions","volume":"65","author":"Badea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater Corros."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-020-04252-2","article-title":"A study on corrosion products and processes of patinated tin\n                        bronze in formic acid","volume":"46","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Chem Intermed."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-408","article-title":"Third degree formic acid chemical burn in the treatment of a hand\n                        wart: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Balagu\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.09.012","article-title":"Sensory irritation of vapours of formic, acetic, propionic and\n                        butyric acid","volume":"99","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.12.006","article-title":"The influence of fat protection of calcium formate on growth and\n                        intestinal defence in Escherichia coli K88-challenged weanling\n                        pigs","volume":"139","author":"Bosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B31","first-page":"40","article-title":"Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2017\/940 of 1 June 2017\n                        concerning the autorisation of formic acid as a feed additive for all animal\n                        species","volume":"66","author":"European Union","year":"2017","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B32","volume-title":"Nutritional requirements of swine","author":"National Research Council","year":"2012","edition":"11th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B33","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of the AOAC","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)","year":"1990","edition":"15th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.2.653-658.1983","article-title":"Protection of calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by\n                        orally administered Escherichia coli K99-specific monoclonal\n                        antibody","volume":"42","author":"Sherman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-020-00918-3","article-title":"Multi-omics profiling highlights lipid metabolism alterations in\n                        pigs fed low-dose antibiotics","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.4.933","article-title":"Dietary restriction induces biochemical and morphometric changes\n                        in the small intestine of nursing piglets","volume":"126","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-011-0017-8","article-title":"Effect of benzoic acid and combination of benzoic acid with a\n                        probiotic containing Bacillus cereus var. toyoi in weaned pig\n                        nutrition","volume":"14","author":"Papatsiros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.010","article-title":"Effects of dietary combinations of organic acids and medium chain\n                        fatty acids as a replacement of zinc oxide on growth, digestibility and\n                        immunity of weaned pigs","volume":"208","author":"Kuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1079\/095442299108728884","article-title":"Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig\n                        diets","volume":"12","author":"Partanen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3920\/9789086865703_021","article-title":"Acidification of diets as an alternative to antibiotic growth\n                        promoters","volume-title":"Antimicrobial growth promoters, where do we go from here?","author":"Diebold","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.015","article-title":"Long-term administration of formic acid to weaners: influence on\n                        intestinal microbiota, immunity parameters and growth\n                        performance","volume":"232","author":"Luise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2006.252","article-title":"Effects of organic or inorganic acid supplementation on growth\n                        performance, nutrient digestibility and white blood cell counts in weanling\n                        pigs","volume":"19","author":"Kil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82113210x","article-title":"Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal\n                        equilibrium of early-weaned pigs","volume":"82","author":"Manzanilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.202112568","article-title":"Comparison of the corrosion behavior of copper tubes in formic\n                        acid and acetic acid environment","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Corros."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-464","article-title":"Response of pigs to dietary inclusion of formic acid and ammonium\n                        formate","volume":"85","author":"Eisemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/00039420400005067","article-title":"Dietary self-selection for organic acids by the\n                        piglet","volume":"58","author":"Ettle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0110","article-title":"Effects of yeast culture on performance, gut integrity, and blood\n                        cell composition of weanling pigs","volume":"85","author":"van der Peet-Schwering","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11132","article-title":"Effects of keratinase on performance, nutrient utilization,\n                        intestinal morphology, intestinal ecology and inflammatory response of\n                        weaned piglets fed diets with different levels of crude\n                        protein","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.018","article-title":"Mixed organic acids as antibiotic substitutes improve\n                        performance, serum immunity, intestinal morphology and microbiota for weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"235","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2006-00116","article-title":"Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient\n                        digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of\n                        broilers","volume":"16","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.1030","article-title":"Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme\n                        activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male\n                        broilers","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113453e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J 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