{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:31Z","timestamp":1792790191711,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["RS-2024-00399718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00399718"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xs9yg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Suckling piglets face the hurdle of pathogenic inversion before the full\n                    development of their gastrointestinal tract. The provision of\n                        Lactobacillus (L)\n                        salivarius guarantees resilient gut health, controls\n                    pathogens, increases microbiota, and fortifies intestinal structure. We\n                    evaluated the effect of L. salivarius LS144 probiotic given to\n                    suckling piglets through the post-weaning stage on the gut microbiota,\n                    intestinal morphology, and growth performance. A total of 120 three-day-old\n                    crossbred (Landrace \u00d7 Yorkshire \u00d7 Duroc) piglets were assigned to\n                    four dietary treatments on the basis of initial body weight. The NN group was\n                    not supplemented with the probiotic in both the suckling and post-weaning\n                    phases, the NP group was supplemented with the probiotic during the post-weaning\n                    phase, the PN group was supplemented with the probiotic only during the suckling\n                    phase, and the PP group was supplemented with the probiotic during both the\n                    suckling and post-weaning periods. Results revealed that the average daily gain\n                    was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the PN and PP groups than in\n                    the NN and NP groups in phase 1. In the overall study (1\u201351 d), average\n                    daily gain was greater (p &lt; 0.05) in the PP treatment\n                    compared to all other groups. The average daily feed intake was higher\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) in the PP group (22\u201351 d) than all\n                    groups. The villus height was greater in the duodenum (p\n                    &lt; 0.05), jejunum (p &lt; 0.05), and ileum\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) in the PP compared with the NN. The pH of\n                    the intestinal digesta was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the NN\n                    treatment than in the PN and PP treatments in the duodenum. The population of\n                    total L. bacteria was greater in both the PN and PP groups\n                    compared to the NN treatment in the duodenum (p &lt; 0.01),\n                    jejunum (p &lt; 0.05), ileum (p &lt;\n                    0.01), and cecum (p &lt; 0.01). There was no significant\n                    difference in the population of total anaerobes, Clostridium, and coliform\n                    bacteria in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum among the groups. Based on\n                    these findings, dietary supplementation with L. salivarius in\n                    suckling piglets continued to post-weaning could establish appropriate\n                    intestinal microbiota, improve feed intake, and increase the villus height,\n                    which translates to improved growth performance during this critical period in\n                    piglet\u2019s life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T01:10:42Z","timestamp":1720660242000},"page":"826-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus salivarius\n                    in suckling and weanling piglets modulates intestinal microbiota, morphology and\n                    improves growth performance"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1848-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elick","family":"Kinara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0626-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Moturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Hosseindoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3075-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Young","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habeeb","family":"Tajudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1413-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Rin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Hyub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Science, Korean Nationational University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7201","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15791","article-title":"Early life feeding accelerates gut microbiome maturation and\n                        suppresses acute post-weaning stress in piglets","volume":"23","author":"Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/69955\/1998","article-title":"The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut\n                        in young pigs","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.173096","article-title":"Mode of delivery and early nutrition modulate microbial\n                        colonization and fermentation products in neonatal piglets","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.2.673-690.2002","article-title":"Culture-independent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig\n                        gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited","volume":"68","author":"Leser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118491454.ch8","article-title":"Nutrition and gut health in swine","volume-title":"Sustainable swine nutrition","author":"Willing","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1188676","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage with or\n                        without zinc oxide on the performance and gut development of weanling\n                        pigs","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B7","first-page":"21","article-title":"Gut-active growth promoters","volume-title":"Control and manipulation of animal growth: proceedings of previous\n                        easter schools in agricultural science","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0102","article-title":"Effects of Ecklonia cava as fucoidan-rich algae on growth\n                        performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and caecal\n                        microflora in weanling pigs","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim 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secretory, and barrier properties of piglet\n                        intestine","volume":"134","author":"Boudry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(96)10057-3","article-title":"The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora","volume":"4","author":"Berg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85630-7","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from feces of\n                        fast-growing pigs on intestinal microbiota and morphology of suckling\n                        piglets","volume":"11","author":"Moturi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.17221\/7\/2016-VETMED","article-title":"Dietary bacteriophages as an alternative for zinc oxide or\n                        organic acids to control diarrhoea and improve the performance of weanling\n                        piglets","volume":"62","author":"Hosseindoust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x","article-title":"Probiotic in man and animals","volume":"66","author":"Fuller","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200675010139","article-title":"Labelling and content evaluation of commercial veterinary\n                        probiotics","volume":"75","author":"Lata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/624e","article-title":"Feed additives for swine: fact sheets \u2013 prebiotics and\n                        probiotics, and phytogenics","volume":"18","author":"Jacela","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.02.010","article-title":"Efficient lactic acid production from high salt containing dairy\n                        by-products by Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salicinius with pre-treatment\n                        by proteolytic microorganisms","volume":"117","author":"Vasala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.06.018","article-title":"Lactobacillus-based fermentation product and lactose level in the\n                        feed for weanling pigs: effects on intestinal morphology, microbiota, gas\n                        emission, and targeted intestinal coliforms","volume":"227","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0746","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on growth performance,\n                        diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of\n                        suckling pigs challenged with F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia\n                        coli","volume":"31","author":"Sayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8936907","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8936907","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective\n                        activities in porcine intestinal epithelial cells exposed to hydrogen\n                        peroxide","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B22","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"National Research Council","year":"2012","edition":"11th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111002680","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal mucin composition and mucosal morphology\n                        by dietary phytogenic inclusion level in broilers","volume":"6","author":"Tsirtsikos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B24","volume-title":"SAS\/STAT\u00ae 9.1 User\u2019s guide","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2002"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.11.007","article-title":"Effects of probiotic administration in swine","volume":"109","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B26","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on growth performance, intestinal\n                        morphology, intestinal microbiota weaning pig challenged with Escherichia\n                        coli and Salmonella enterica","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001166","article-title":"Bacteriophage cocktail and multi-strain probiotics in the feed\n                        for weanling pigs: effects on intestine morphology and targeted intestinal\n                        coliforms and Clostridium","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76914-4","article-title":"Effect of administration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid\n                        bacteria to newborn calves and piglets","volume":"78","author":"Abe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01306.x","article-title":"Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with\n                        Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind,\n                        placebo-controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Shimauchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005484","article-title":"Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around\n                        weaning","volume":"66","author":"Lall\u00e8s","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0061-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, Clostridium\n                        butyricum, on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier\n                        function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with\n                        Escherichia coli K88","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045965","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1045965","article-title":"A meta-analysis of Lactobacillus-based probiotics for growth\n                        performance and intestinal morphology in piglets","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas87-049","article-title":"Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on growth, immune\n                        response and fecal enzyme activity in weaned pigs","volume":"67","author":"Lessard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1999.0308","article-title":"The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning\n                        diarrhoea syndrome of piglets","volume":"67","author":"Kyriakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_4.S181","article-title":"Lactobacilli and the normal human anaerobic\n                        microflora","volume":"16","author":"Lidbeck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2005012","article-title":"Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: evaluation of\n                        probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal\n                        mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results","volume":"54","author":"Roselli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910079","article-title":"Digestive development of the early-weaned pig: 2. effect of level\n                        of food intake on digestive enzyme activity during the immediate\n                        post-weaning period","volume":"65","author":"Kelly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00057-2","article-title":"Factors influencing the structure and function of the small\n                        intestine in the weaned pig: a review","volume":"51","author":"Pluske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461768","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3461768","article-title":"Effect of probiotics and herbal products on intestinal\n                        histomorphological and immunological development in piglets","volume":"2020","author":"G\u0101li\u0146a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med Int."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-9906-4","article-title":"Modulatory effects of Lactobacillus salivarius on intestinal\n                        mucosal immunity of piglets","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403288r","article-title":"Oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 favors\n                        intestinal development and alters the intestinal microbiota in formula-fed\n                        piglets","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.841125x","article-title":"Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health\n                        in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented\n                        diets","volume":"84","author":"Nyachoti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1358628","article-title":"The microbial pH-stable exogenous multienzyme improved growth\n                        performance and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs fed a\n                        corn\u2013soybean-based diet","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B44","volume-title":"The neonatal pig: development and survival","author":"Varley","year":"1995"},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002207","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"62","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.415S","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria: today and tomorrow","volume":"130","author":"Klaenhammer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200105000-00010","article-title":"Adaptation of bacteria to the intestinal niche: probiotics and\n                        gut disorder","volume":"7","author":"Dunne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"key2.0261002113442e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e96","article-title":"Effects of supplemental bacteriophage on the gut microbiota and\n                        nutrient digestibility of ileal-cannulated pigs","volume":"66","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and 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