{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:41Z","timestamp":1791248201423,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education"},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the impact of dietary illite alone or in combination with\n                    a Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis\n                    (CB) complex on growth performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens\n                    challenged with Salmonella enterica serotype\n                        Typhimurium (ST). A total of 72 one-day-old Arbor Acres\n                    broilers with initial body weight (BW) of 35.28 \u00b1 0.34 g were used in a\n                    4-week experiment and assigned to four treatment groups (six replications, three\n                    birds each per cage): 1) NC, non-challenged control fed a basal diet; 2) CC,\n                    ST-challenged control fed a basal diet; 3) IA, CC supplemented with 1% illite\n                    (10 g\/kg); 4) ICB, IA supplemented with 0.1% CB (1 \u00d7 108\n                    CFU\/kg). In the ST challenge treatments, broilers were orally inoculated with\n                    1.5 mL and 2.1 mL of ST (1 \u00d7 107 CFU\/mL) on days 8 and 15,\n                    respectively, for 3 consecutive days. The ST challenge reduced\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) broiler performance, dry matter\n                    digestibility, and villus height (VH) and increased the levels of heterophil,\n                    interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in serum, and crypt depth\n                    (CD). However, additives counteracted ST-induced impairments (p\n                    &lt; 0.05) in broilers, the IA and ICB showed higher body weight gain (BWG)\n                    at 15 to 21 d, and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 15 to 21 d and 1 to 28 d\n                    compared with the CC. Also, the IA and ICB showed lower (p\n                    &lt; 0.05) CD and higher (p &lt; 0.05) VH to CD ratio,\n                    and count of Lactobacillus in feces than the CC at 28 d.\n                    Additionally, unlikely IA, the ICB increased (p &lt; 0.05)\n                    the BW at 21 d and the dry matter digestibility at 28 d, while decreasing\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) the FCR at 8 to 14 d and count of\n                        Salmonella in feces at 14 and 28 d. Overall, illite alone\n                    and in combination with CB can effectively alleviate ST infection in broiler\n                    chickens, suggesting their potential as feed additives to improve growth\n                    performance, fecal microflora and intestinal morphology in ST-challenged\n                    broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e71","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T01:10:42Z","timestamp":1720660242000},"page":"1033-1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Supplemental illite or in combination with probiotics improves\n                    performance and intestinal health in broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella\n                    typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuck","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q92br09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9716-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonwoong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025h1m602","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyeon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongcheol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sehyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeongho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520179","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/520179","article-title":"Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence\n                        differences among serovars","volume":"2015","author":"Andino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci World J."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.12.1759","article-title":"Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until\n                        maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens","volume":"77","author":"Gast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.492","article-title":"Animal sources of salmonellosis in humans","volume":"221","author":"Sanchez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0821-6","article-title":"Isolation, conventional and molecular characterization of\n                        Salmonella spp. from newly hatched broiler chicks","volume":"9","author":"Sedeik","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45139","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45139","article-title":"Improved lysis efficiency and immunogenicity of Salmonella ghosts\n                        mediated by co-expression of \u03bb phage holin-endolysin and \u0278X174\n                        gene E","volume":"7","author":"Won","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.049","article-title":"Dietary l-arginine supplementation ameliorates inflammatory\n                        response and alters gut microbiota composition in broiler chickens infected\n                        with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2022.2103463","article-title":"Influence of prebiotic yeast cell wall extracts on growth\n                        performance, carcase attributes, biochemical metabolites, and intestinal\n                        morphology and bacteriology of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella\n                        typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens","volume":"21","author":"Alkhulaifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103541","article-title":"Protective effects of sodium humate and its zinc and selenium\n                        chelate on the oxidative stress, inflammatory, and intestinal barrier damage\n                        of Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.05.008","article-title":"Endogenous chitinase might lead to differences in growth\n                        performance and intestinal health of piglets fed different levels of black\n                        soldier fly larva meal","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13090831","article-title":"Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia\n                        illucens L.) and its potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal\n                        diets: a review","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5065","article-title":"Impact of sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars from\n                        selected developing countries","volume":"9","author":"Barbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050539","article-title":"Pollution by antibiotics and antimicrobial 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Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f361","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotic and phytobiotic as growth\n                        promoter alternative to antibiotic for safe broiler\n                        production","volume":"6","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916473","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.916473","article-title":"Potential feed additives as antibiotic alternatives in broiler\n                        production","volume":"9","author":"Ayalew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B17","unstructured":"Almeida\n                            J\n                        \n                    \n                    Identification of mechanisms of beneficial effects of dietary clays in\n                        pigs and chicks during an enteric infection\n                    Ph.D. dissertation\n                    Urbana, IL\n                    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\n                        Urbana\n                    2013"},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.17221\/2998-VETMED","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of\n                        diarrhoea in weaned piglets: a review","volume":"55","author":"Vondruskova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000195","article-title":"Natural and ion-exchanged illite clays reduce bacterial burden\n                        and inflammation in cutaneous meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus\n                        infections in mice","volume":"65","author":"Otto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100714","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of clay minerals and their use as a\n                        health promoting feed additive","volume":"9","author":"Nadziakiewicza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2013.10.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with palygorskite on\n                        intestinal integrity in weaned piglets","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1817748","article-title":"Effects of silicate derived from quartz porphyry supplementation\n                        in the health of weaning to growing pigs after lipopolysaccharide\n                        challenge","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114459","article-title":"Protective effects of dietary supplementation with a silicate\n                        clay mineral (palygorskite) in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broiler\n                        chickens at an early age","volume":"263","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5536\/KJPS.2007.34.3.165","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplemention with probiotics, illite, active\n                        carbon and hardwood vinegar on the performance and carcass characteristics\n                        of broiler","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13805","article-title":"Interactive effects of dietary supplementation between illite and\n                        probiotic on productive performance, intestinal microflora, and blood\n                        profiles of laying hens","volume":"94","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12913","article-title":"Effects of illite supplementation on in vitro and in vivo rumen\n                        fermentation, microbial population and methane emission of Hanwoo steers fed\n                        high concentrate diets","volume":"89","author":"Biswas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B27","first-page":"245","article-title":"Effects of supplemental alkali feldspar-ilite on growth\n                        performance and meat quality in broiler ducks","volume":"32","author":"Kook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2663-2672","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria improve the growth\n                        performance and blood parameters and reduce Salmonella infection in\n                        broilers","volume":"13","author":"Khochamit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet World."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.007","article-title":"Bacillus probiotics","volume":"28","author":"Cutting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.12.001","article-title":"The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9737-8","article-title":"Oral administration of Clostridium butyricum for modulating\n                        gastrointestinal microflora in mice","volume":"62","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0061-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, Clostridium\n                        butyricum, on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier\n                        function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with\n                        Escherichia coli K88","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.032","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis promotes growth\n                        performance of broilers by altering the dominant microbial\n                        community","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.02.002","article-title":"Study of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, nutrition\n                        metabolism and intestinal microflora of 1 to 42 d broiler\n                        chickens","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12985","article-title":"Oral administration of Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313-1 reduces\n                        ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"22","author":"Juan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B36","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of poultry","author":"NRC (National Research Council)","year":"1994","edition":"9th ed"},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B37","volume-title":"Official method of analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)\n                            International","year":"2000","edition":"16th ed"},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S002185960001546X","article-title":"The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic\n                        absorption spectrophotometry","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Agric Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1447083","article-title":"Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent\n                        serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient\n                        colonisation in layers","volume":"59","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.09.010","article-title":"A comprehensive review of non-enterica subspecies of Salmonella\n                        enterica","volume":"206","author":"Lamas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Res."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.053","article-title":"Modulations of growth performance, gut microbiota, and\n                        inflammatory cytokines by trehalose on Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged\n                        broilers","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102723","article-title":"Red osier dogwood extract versus Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (part\n                        1). Effects on the growth performance, blood parameters, gut\n                        histomorphometry, and Salmonella excretion of broiler chickens orally\n                        challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"102","author":"Erinle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-014-4347-y","article-title":"Effect of zinc on growth performance, gut morphometry, and cecal\n                        microbial community in broilers challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar\n                        typhimurium","volume":"52","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010170","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of clay soils against food-borne\n                        Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"27","author":"Azmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa290","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa290","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis: a potential growth promoter in weaned pigs in\n                        comparison to carbadox","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03412","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune\n                        function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with\n                        Escherichia coli K88","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skz396","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz396","article-title":"Effects of inulin supplementation on intestinal barrier function\n                        and immunity in specific pathogen-free chickens with Salmonella\n                        infection","volume":"98","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00316.2021","article-title":"Intestinal secretory mechanisms and diarrhea","volume":"322","author":"Keely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"key2.02610021135e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00013","article-title":"Effect of feeding Bacillus subtilis spores to broilers challenged\n                        with Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg Brazilian strain UFPR1 on\n                        performance, immune response, and gut health","volume":"5","author":"Hayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet 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