{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:18:55Z","timestamp":1792498735517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility in dogs is a significant concern in veterinary reproductive medicine, with sperm quality being a key determinant of reproductive success. Traditional herbal medicine, particularly Panax ginseng, is widely recognized for its potential to enhance male reproductive function. However, its effects on canine reproduction remain unexplored. This study investigated the impact of different processed forms of Panax ginseng\u2014white ginseng (WG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG)\u2014on sperm motility, testosterone levels, and biochemical parameters in dogs. Beagle dogs were administered WG, RG, or BG daily for 60 days in a crossover design. Serum testosterone levels and biochemical markers were measured at predefined intervals, while sperm motility and velocity parameters were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The results demonstrated that BG supplementation significantly improved sperm motility and velocity parameters compared to WG and RG, with no adverse effects on biochemical markers. However, testosterone levels remained unchanged across groups. These findings suggest that BG may enhance canine sperm quality through mechanisms independent of testosterone regulation. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying molecular pathways and optimize dosing strategies for clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2025.e35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T04:18:12Z","timestamp":1744604292000},"page":"701-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of different processed forms of Panax ginseng on sperm motility and reproductive parameters in male dogs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taeyoung","family":"Kil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020db1e56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Social Welfare, Joongbu University, Geumsan 32713, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minkyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Advances in canine semen evaluation techniques","volume":"1","author":"Lopate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B2","volume-title":"Canine and feline theriogenology","author":"Johnston","year":"2001"},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.26391","article-title":"Ginseng and male reproductive function","volume":"3","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-023-00203-0","article-title":"The role of red ginseng in men\u2019s reproductive health: a literature review","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B5","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA, RNA, protein and lipid synthesis in rat bone marrow","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B6","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertility","volume":"38","author":"Salvati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.11.008","article-title":"Ginseng: a dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases","volume":"83","author":"Riaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.07.007","article-title":"Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles","volume":"46","author":"Hyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.03.011","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2011.35.3.331","article-title":"Red ginseng supplementation more effectively alleviates psychological than physical fatigue","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400480","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into bisphenol a-mediated male infertility: potential role of Panax ginseng extract","volume":"21","author":"El-Shimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.02.004","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112635","article-title":"Characteristics of Panax ginseng cultivars in Korea and China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The comparative understanding between red ginseng and white ginsengs, processed ginsengs (Panax ginseng CA Meyer)","volume":"29","author":"Nam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.14400\/JDC.2016.14.5.459","article-title":"The comparative study on physiological activity of white ginseng, red ginseng and black ginseng extract","volume":"14","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Digit Converg."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B16","first-page":"361","article-title":"The comparison of ginseng prosapogenin composition and contents in red and black ginseng","volume":"42","author":"Jo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Pharmacogn."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101856","article-title":"Black ginseng and its saponins: preparation, phytochemistry and pharmacological effects","volume":"24","author":"Metwaly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B18","first-page":"951","article-title":"Preparation of black ginseng and its antitumor activity","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean Orient J Physiol Pathol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00210.x","article-title":"Study of the efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"De Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17200-4","article-title":"Prime editor-mediated correction of a pathogenic mutation in purebred dogs","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420036091","volume-title":"Design and analysis of cross-over trials","author":"Jones","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/clo.2006.0069","article-title":"Reproductive fertility of cloned male cats derived from adult somatic cell nuclear transfer","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cloning Stem Cells."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/macvetrev-2022-0022","article-title":"Assessment of hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in dogs with acute diarrhea due to different etiologies","volume":"45","author":"G\u00fclersoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maced Vet Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.023","article-title":"Semen collection in the dog","volume":"64","author":"Kutzler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.12.041","article-title":"Schisandrin B protects boar spermatozoa against oxidative damage and increases their fertilization ability during in vitro storage","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B26","volume-title":"Physiology, testosterone [Internet]","author":"Nassar","year":"2025"},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03169.x","article-title":"Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated to improvements in sexual functioning","volume":"25","author":"Seftel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Androl."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01482.x","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 improves male copulatory behavior via nitric oxide\/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2019.07.005","article-title":"Diet and sperm quality: nutrients, foods and dietary patterns","volume":"19","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2013.840687","article-title":"Lifestyle and semen quality: role of modifiable risk factors","volume":"60","author":"Jurewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52361\/fsbh.2023.3.e32","article-title":"Benefits of Panax ginseng on male reproductive systems: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Koppula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Suppl Biomater Health."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025.127614","article-title":"Effect of melatonin and ginseng on rat testis and sperm quality against cadmium toxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways","volume":"88","author":"Barakat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20230323090320","article-title":"Effect of ginseng on blood lipid profile, testosterone level and epididymal sperm quality of aged BALB\/C mice","volume":"57","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pakistan J Zool."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235198","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6235198","article-title":"Ginseng soluble dietary fiber enhances spermatogenic potential in obese mice via the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"2024","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Food Biochem."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.06.080","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 regulates S-nitrosylation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via suppression of iNOS","volume":"463","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"key2.0261002113427e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132443","article-title":"Chemical structures and pharmacological profiles of ginseng saponins","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e35","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e35","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:51:49Z","timestamp":1790909509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2025.e35"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2025.e35","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}