{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:17:43Z","timestamp":1792790263656,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chungnam National University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely adopted in the swine industry to alleviate\n                    post-weaning diarrhea and promote the growth performance of weaned pigs.\n                    However, its low rate of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract leads to\n                    excessive excretion, which causes severe environmental pollution. To overcome\n                    this limitation, dietary coated ZnO (CZO) has been studied to enhance zinc\n                    absorption and mitigate its environmental influence. In the present study, we\n                    investigated the effects of dietary CZO on growth performance, frequency of\n                    diarrhea, nutrient digestibility, hematological and immune responses, and fecal\n                    microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 72 weaned pigs (7.30 \u00b1 0.01 kg of\n                    average initial body weight; 28 days old) were randomly assigned to three\n                    dietary treatments (4 pigs\/pen; 6 replicates\/treatment): basal weaner diet\n                    (CON), CON with 2,500 ppm of ZnO (HZO), and CON with 200 mg\/kg of CZO. The\n                    experiment was conducted for 6 weeks. The CZO group increased\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) average daily gain and gain to feed ratio\n                    and showed tendency to reduce (p = 0.094) the frequency of\n                    diarrhea compared with the CON group during the first two weeks after weaning.\n                    The CZO group showed a tendency for the lowest levels of serum tumor necrosis\n                    factor-\u03b1 (p = 0.072) on day 7 and hematocrit\n                        (p = 0.083) on day 14 and the highest (p =\n                    0.072) levels of the immunoglobulin M on day 14 among the treatment groups. The\n                    HZO group tended to have the lowest (p = 0.078) serum cortisol\n                    levels on day 7 among all treatments. At the genus level of gut microbiota\n                    analysis, the dietary CZO group showed a higher (p &lt;\n                    0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella, Eubacterium, and\n                        Lactobacillus than pigs treated with the CON diet. The HZO\n                    group showed a higher (p &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of\n                        Eubacterium and Lactobacillus than the CON\n                    group. Our results demonstrated that dietary CZO supplementation enhanced growth\n                    performance and reduced the incidence of diarrhea by modulating systemic immune\n                    responses and shifting fecal microbial compositions in weaned pigs, suggesting\n                    its potential as an alternative to the high dose ZnO diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2025.e41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:38:17Z","timestamp":1746664697000},"page":"1148-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary supplementation with coated zinc oxide enhanced growth\n                    performance by modulating systemic immunity and microbial composition in weaned\n                    pigs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8696-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinuk","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeong Il","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeun Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058pdbn81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1490-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinmu","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7522-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058pdbn81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00saywf64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Animal Bioscience and Integrated Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5742-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Kyoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e58","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus salivarius in suckling\n                        and weanling piglets modulates intestinal microbiota, morphology and\n                        improves growth performance","volume":"67","author":"Kinara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e119","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on growth performance, intestinal\n                        morphology, intestinal microbiota weaning pig challenged with Escherichia\n                        coli and Salmonella enterica","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2025.e3","article-title":"Dietary flavor supplementation enhanced growth performance and\n                        alleviated diarrhea of weaned pigs by modulating gut microbiota and systemic\n                        immunity","volume":"68","author":"Kyoung","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e120","article-title":"Effects of different inorganic: organic zinc ratios or\n                        combination of low crude protein diet and mixed feed additive in weaned\n                        piglet diets","volume":"64","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e70","article-title":"Dietary coated copper and zinc improved growth performance by\n                        modulating immune responses and fecal microbiota of weaned\n                        pigs","volume":"67","author":"Nam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2023.105228","article-title":"The relationship between zinc intake, dietary content, and fecal\n                        excretion in pigs","volume":"271","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Livest 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development in weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"14","author":"Satessa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719852144","article-title":"Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and\n                        growth impacts","volume":"31","author":"Burrough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051279","article-title":"Weaning induced gut dysfunction and nutritional interventions in\n                        nursery pigs: a partial review","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051356","article-title":"Changes in diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc\n                        utilization, intestinal immune profiles, and fecal microbiome in weaned\n                        piglets by different forms of zinc","volume":"11","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819722","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.819722","article-title":"Coated zinc oxide improves growth performance of weaned piglets\n                        via gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.66.311","article-title":"The effects of dietary porous zinc oxide supplementation on\n                        growth performance, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction\u2019s gene\n                        expression in early-weaned piglets","volume":"66","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000300","article-title":"Coated zinc oxide improves intestinal immunity function and\n                        regulates microbiota composition in weaned piglets","volume":"111","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.06.011","article-title":"Low dose of coated zinc oxide is as effective as pharmacological\n                        zinc oxide in promoting growth performance, reducing fecal scores, and\n                        improving nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned\n                        pigs","volume":"245","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857393","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.857393","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of inorganic or amino acid-chelated\n                        zinc on mouse myoblast growth in vitro and growth performance and carcass\n                        traits in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12215","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated zinc\n                        oxide on colibacillosis, growth and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets\n                        challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"85","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2019.1645673","article-title":"Supplemental-coated zinc oxide relieves diarrhoea by decreasing\n                        intestinal permeability in weanling pigs","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B20","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC (National Research Council)","year":"2012","edition":"11th rev. ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e63","article-title":"Determination of optimal energy system and level for growing\n                        pigs","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B22","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)\n                           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their piglets\n                        by inclusion of dietary spray-dried plasma in sow diets","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu494","article-title":"STAMP: statistical analysis of taxonomic and functional\n                        profiles","volume":"30","author":"Parks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00057-2","article-title":"Factors influencing the structure and function of the small\n                        intestine in the weaned pig: a review","volume":"51","author":"Pluske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2267-2277.2005","article-title":"Influence of dietary zinc oxide and copper sulfate on the\n                        gastrointestinal ecosystem in newly weaned piglets","volume":"71","author":"H\u00f8jberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0767-3","article-title":"Dietary zinc oxide modulates antioxidant capacity, small\n                        intestine development, and jejunal gene expression in weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txad146","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad146","article-title":"Evaluation of a microencapsulated form of zinc oxide on weanling\n                        pig growth performance, fecal zinc excretion, and small intestinal\n                        morphology","volume":"8","author":"Dahmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104499","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of a new porous zinc oxide and its\n                        antimicrobial evaluation in weanling piglets","volume":"248","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7080","article-title":"Digestibility and retention of zinc, copper, manganese, iron,\n                        calcium, and phosphorus in pigs fed diets containing inorganic or organic\n                        minerals","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142054","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1142054","article-title":"Dietary replacement of inorganic trace minerals with lower levels\n                        of organic trace minerals leads to enhanced antioxidant capacity, nutrient\n                        digestibility, and reduced fecal mineral excretion in growing-finishing\n                        pigs","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010146","article-title":"The effect of sodium alginate-coated nano-zinc oxide on the\n                        growth performance, serum indexes and fecal microbial structure of weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02734","article-title":"Effects of a four-week high-dosage zinc oxide supplemented diet\n                        on commensal Escherichia coli of weaned pigs","volume":"10","author":"Johanns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B37","first-page":"285","article-title":"Effects of nano zinc oxide on growth performance and intestinal\n                        mucosal barrier in weaner piglets","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001543","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on\n                        growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"11","author":"Furbeyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e39","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of zinc oxide and zinc aspartic acid\n                        chelate on the performance of weaning pigs","volume":"66","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-6-9","article-title":"The immune system and the impact of zinc during\n                        aging","volume":"6","author":"Haase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development:\n                        implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01078.x","article-title":"Epithelial barrier: an interface for the cross-communication\n                        between gut flora and immune system","volume":"245","author":"Goto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG using an Escherichia\n                        coli K88 model of piglet diarrhoea: effects on diarrhoea incidence, faecal\n                        microflora and immune responses","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64878","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17612","article-title":"Dietary ZnO nanoparticles alters intestinal microbiota and\n                        inflammation response in weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881435","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.881435","article-title":"The connection between stress and immune status in pigs: a first\n                        salivary analytical panel for disease differentiation","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03870-2","article-title":"Effects of dietary valine chelated zinc supplementation on growth\n                        performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestine health in weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112104","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of humic acid sodium and zinc\n                        oxide on growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity of\n                        weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"key2.0261002113948e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113000062","article-title":"Impact of dietary protein on microbiota composition and activity\n                        in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets in relation to gut health: a\n                        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