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Several studies have shown that milk exosomes contain\n                    a substantial number of miRNAs that are involved in immunity, inflammation,\n                    osteoporosis, and gut microbiota regulation. This study aimed to evaluate the\n                    potential functional role of bovine colostrum-derived exosomes (BCE) in reducing\n                    muscle atrophy. BCE treatment enhanced the viability of C2C12 myotube and\n                    stimulated myogenic differentiation, while inhibiting muscle atrophy markers\n                    MuRF1 and atrogin-1 that were upregulated by dexamethasone (DEX) exposure. In\n                        Caenorhabditis elegans, BCE supplementation significantly\n                    prolonged lifespan and upregulated key myogenic structural genes, such as\n                        myo-3 and unc-54. BCE also modulated gut microbiome\n                    composition by significantly increasing Lachnospiraceae\n                    abundance while promoting an increase in Muribaculaceae and a\n                    decrease in Bacteroidaceae levels. These microbial changes were\n                    associated with a reduction in cholesterol levels in DEX-treated mice.\n                    Furthermore, BCE restored metabolic homeostasis by reversing DEX-induced\n                    alterations in succinic acid and L-Alanine levels, both of which are critical\n                    for muscle metabolism and lipid regulation. Taken together, our findings support\n                    the role of BCE in modulating gut microbiota and metabolites, highlighting the\n                    therapeutic potential of BCE in counteracting muscle atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2025.e48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T01:38:27Z","timestamp":1755567507000},"page":"892-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bovine colostrum-derived exosomes alleviate muscle degeneration by\n                    modulating gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis in atrophy\n                    models"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minkyoung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015v9d997","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6723-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohyun","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a41834","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3470-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daye","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015v9d997","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwangcheol Casey","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6769-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younghoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, 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Nature."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S245595","article-title":"Milk for skeletal muscle health and sarcopenia in older adults: a\n                        narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Granic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy065","article-title":"The impact of dairy protein intake on muscle mass, muscle\n                        strength, and physical performance in middle-aged to older adults with or\n                        without existing sarcopenia: a systematic review and\n                        meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hanach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.05.019","article-title":"Association of dairy intake with body 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microvescicle\n                        isolated from bovine colostrum","volume":"37","author":"Maburutse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Food Sci Anim."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12536","article-title":"The mechanisms and treatments for sarcopenia: could exosomes be a\n                        perspective research strategy in the future?","volume":"11","author":"Rong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e39","article-title":"Comparative analysis of dietary exosome-derived microRNAs from\n                        human, bovine and caprine colostrum and mature milk","volume":"63","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B16","article-title":"Bovine milk-derived exosomes enhance goblet cell activity and\n        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colitis","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzab054_044","article-title":"Milk exosomes protect human microbiota associated-mice against\n                        Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12784","article-title":"Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: a systematic\n                        review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10061100","article-title":"Intestinal permeability associated with the loss of skeletal\n                        muscle strength in middle-aged and older adults in rural area of Beijing,\n                        China","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2303.03001","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus JY02 ameliorates sarcopenia by\n                        anti-atrophic effects in a dexamethasone-induced cellular and murine\n                        model","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22424\/jdsb.2024.42.2.35","article-title":"Resistance of bovine colostrum exosomes to bacterial infection by\n                        regulating immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans model","volume":"42","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01424-8","article-title":"Postbiotic heat-killed lactobacilli modulates on body weight\n                        associated with gut microbiota in a pig model","volume":"12","author":"Ryu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMB Express."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent,\n                        community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial\n                        communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0264-1","article-title":"Using MicrobiomeAnalyst for comprehensive statistical,\n                        functional, and meta-analysis of microbiome data","volume":"15","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B30","first-page":"141","article-title":"Integrated control of protein degradation in C","volume":"1","author":"Lehmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"elegans muscle. 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attenuates\n                        dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in mice","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050541","article-title":"Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids \u2014 new\n                        mechanisms for old drugs","volume":"353","author":"Rhen","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12709","article-title":"Mouse models of sarcopenia: classification and\n                        evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"key":"key2.0261002113447e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7461265x","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone and anabolic agents on proliferation and\n                      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