{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:54:44Z","timestamp":1790909684293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural\n                                Affairs","award":["321080-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321080-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This experiment investigated the effects of varying dietary crude protein (CP)\n                    levels on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, pork\n                    quality, and odor emission in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 210 growing\n                    ([Yorkshire \u00d7 Landrace] \u00d7 Duroc) pigs (39.93 \u00b1 0.080 kg\n                    body weight [BW]) were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments with 5 replicates of 7 pigs\n                    per pen. Diets with different CP levels (%) for early growing, late growing,\n                    early finishing, and late finishing phases, respectively, were as follows:\n                    CP1411: 14, 13, 12, 11; CP1512: 15, 14, 13, 12; CP1613: 16, 15, 14, 13; CP1714:\n                    17, 16, 15, 14; CP1815: 18, 17, 16, 15; CP1916: 19, 18, 17, 16. Overall average\n                    daily gain decreased with increased dietary CP (linear, p &lt;\n                    0.01), while average daily feed intake increased during the late finishing\n                    period (linear, p &lt; 0.01). Final BW increased as dietary CP\n                    decreased (linear, p &lt; 0.01). Total protein concentration\n                    increased with higher CP levels at the 7th, 11th, and\n                        13th weeks (linear, p = 0.02; p\n                    &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.01; respectively). Lower CP levels\n                    decreased creatinine concentration at the 4th and 13th\n                    weeks (linear, p = 0.03; p &lt; 0.01;\n                    respectively). Blood urea nitrogen and urea concentrations decreased with lower\n                    CP (linear, p &lt; 0.01). Emissions of ammonia, amine,\n                    mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide decreased with lower CP (linear,\n                        p &lt; 0.01; respectively). Excreted nitrogen in urine\n                    increased with higher CP (linear, p &lt; 0.01). No significant\n                    differences were observed in carcass characteristics, pH, or pork color among\n                    treatments. Reducing CP levels in the diet did not negatively impact growth\n                    performance and improved protein metabolism, reducing odor emissions from feces\n                    and urine in growing-finishing pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2025.e6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:07:54Z","timestamp":1736986074000},"page":"448-463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein on growth\n                    performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, pork quality and odor\n                    emission in growing-finishing pigs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4986-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhyuk","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niru","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B1","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine.","author":"NRC (National Research Council), Committee on Nutrient Requirements\n                            of Swine","year":"2012","edition":"11th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B2","volume-title":"The nutrient requirement of pigs.","author":"ARC (Agricultural Research Council)","year":"1981"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800015411","article-title":"The influence of short-term feeding of amino acid-deficient diets\n                        and high dietary leucine levels on the intramuscular fat content of pig\n                        muscle","volume":"63","author":"Cisneros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(94)90116-3","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and muscle fibre lipid contents in\n                        halothane-gene-free pigs fed high or low protein diets and its relation to\n                        meat quality","volume":"38","author":"Ess\u00e9n-Gustavsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1978.472505x","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein and energy levels for\n                        growing-finishing swine on performance, muscle composition and eating\n                        quality of pork","volume":"47","author":"Cromwell","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3030","article-title":"Effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible\n                        lysine for gilts grown in a commercial finishing environment","volume":"89","author":"Shelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109004662","article-title":"Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic\n                        livestock","volume":"4","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.03.001","article-title":"Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype 1.\n                        Carcass composition measured by dissection and muscle fatty acid\n                        composition","volume":"95","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1969.286831x","article-title":"Protein effect on growth and carcass composition of swine\n                        selected for high and low fatness","volume":"28","author":"Davey","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.11.010","article-title":"Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality 1.\n                        Effects on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass, meat and eating\n                        quality","volume":"73","author":"Teye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(92)90057-B","article-title":"Alteration of nutrition as a means to reduce environmental\n                        pollution by pigs","volume":"31","author":"Jongbloed","year":"1992","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.1996.615","article-title":"Strategies to reduce environmental pollution from animal manure:\n                        principles and nutritional management: a review","volume":"9","author":"Paik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10040170","article-title":"Evaluation of semi-continuous pit manure recharge system\n                        performance on mitigation of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a\n                        swine finishing barn","volume":"10","author":"Wi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmosphere."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11070713","article-title":"Effects of treated manure conditions on ammonia and hydrogen\n                        sulfide emissions from a swine finishing barn equipped with semicontinuous\n                        pit recharge system in summer","volume":"11","author":"Wi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B15","first-page":"112","article-title":"A spreadsheet method for experimental animal\n                        allotment","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B16","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis.","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)\n                            International","year":"1995","edition":"16th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e12","article-title":"Effects of different Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis\n                        ratios on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and gas emissions of\n                        growing pigs","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B18","volume-title":"SAS user\u2019s guide: statistics.","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2004"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81123075x","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation,\n                        and dietary energy levels on growing-finishing pig performance and carcass\n                        composition","volume":"81","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8834","article-title":"Low-protein amino acid\u2013supplemented diets for growing\n                        pigs: effect on expression of amino acid transporters, serum concentration,\n                        performance, and carcass composition","volume":"93","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6412","article-title":"Microencapsulated lysine and low-protein diets: effects on\n                        performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in heavy\n                        growing\u2013finishing pigs","volume":"91","author":"Prandini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.06.013","article-title":"Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion,\n                        manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs","volume":"91","author":"Portejoie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390600884369","article-title":"Influence of benzoic acid and dietary protein level on\n                        performance, nitrogen metabolism and urinary pH in growing-finishing\n                        pigs","volume":"60","author":"B\u00fchler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.02.014","article-title":"The impact of feeding growing-finishing pigs with reduced dietary\n                        protein levels on performance, carcass traits, meat quality and\n                        environmental impacts","volume":"198","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13045","article-title":"Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible\n                        threonine to lysine for finishing barrows fed low crude protein\n                        diets","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.009","article-title":"Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance,\n                        digestibility, nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy\n                        pig","volume":"161","author":"Galassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12177","article-title":"The effect of level of crude protein and available lysine on\n                        finishing pig performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient\n                        digestibility","volume":"26","author":"Ball","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-6222","article-title":"Effect of reducing dietary protein and lysine on growth\n                        performance, carcass characteristics, intramuscular fat, and fatty acid\n                        profile of finishing barrows","volume":"92","author":"Tous","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114256","article-title":"Effects of feeding growing-finishing pigs with low crude protein\n                        diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and\n                        nutrient digestibility in different areas of China","volume":"256","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-016-0119-z","article-title":"Effect of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein\n                        levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in\n                        growing-finishing pigs","volume":"58","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.812492x","article-title":"Effects of adding fiber sources to reduced-crude protein, amino\n                        acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and\n                        carcass traits of finishing pigs","volume":"81","author":"Shriver","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B32","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of dietary crude protein concentration on growth\n                        performance, carcass composition and nitrogen excretion in entire\n                        grower-finisher pigs","volume":"43","author":"Carpenter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ir J Agric Food Res."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200592","article-title":"Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to\n                        diet","volume":"18","author":"Le","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7651331x","article-title":"Biochemical identification and biological origin of key odor\n                        components in livestock waste","volume":"76","author":"Mackie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B35","article-title":"Odour and ammonia emissions from pig and poultry\n                        units","volume-title":"ASABE Annual International Meeting","author":"Hayes","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107710303","article-title":"Effects of dietary crude protein level on odour from pig\n                        manure","volume":"1","author":"Le","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4573.2004.tb00717.x","article-title":"Effect of ultimate pH on the quality characteristics of\n                        pork","volume":"15","author":"Bidner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Muscle Foods."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5187\/JAST.2002.44.2.233","article-title":"Comparison of pork quality by different postmortem pH24\n                        values","volume":"44","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(99)00012-1","article-title":"Measurement and prediction of pork colour","volume":"52","author":"van Oeckel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(98)00022-9","article-title":"Effect of early post-mortem cooling on temperature, pH fall and\n                        meat quality in pigs","volume":"50","author":"Maribo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.9.3.248","article-title":"Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: tests\n                        for the associative value of the context","volume":"9","author":"Bouton","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process."},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-084190-5.50009-6","article-title":"4 - Functional properties of the myofibrillar system and their\n                        measurements","volume-title":"Muscle as food.","author":"Hamm","year":"1986"},{"key":"key2.0261002113723e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12067","article-title":"Effects of low protein diets on growth performance, carcass\n                        traits and ammonia emission of barrows and gilts","volume":"53","author":"Madrid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e6","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:48:20Z","timestamp":1790909300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2025.e6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2025.e6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2025.e6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}