{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:52:25Z","timestamp":1791877945538,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nonghyup Feed inc., Korea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing molasses with monosodium\n                    glutamate (MSG)-condensed molasses solubles (CMS) in growing-finishing pig diets\n                    and determine the optimal replacement ratio. Experiment 1, a total of 100\n                    crossbred growing-finishing pigs ([Landrace \u00d7 Yorkshire] \u00d7 Duroc)\n                    (9 weeks of age; initial body weight 23.17 \u00b1 3.51 kg) were randomly\n                    assigned to five dietary treatments for 14 weeks, with four replicates per\n                    treatment and five pigs per replicate. The treatments consisted of: (1) PC\n                    (basal diet with 2% molasses), (2) NC (basal diet), (3) T1 (basal diet with 1.5%\n                    molasses + 0.5% MSG-CMS), (4) T2 (basal diet with 1% molasses + 1% MSG-CMS), and\n                    (5) T3 (basal diet with 2% MSG-CMS). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility,\n                    blood profiles, fecal microbiota, and economic efficiency were assessed. Average\n                    daily gain in the T1 was higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that in the\n                    T3. The average daily feed intake in the T3 was lower (p &lt;\n                    0.05) than that in the PC and T1 groups. In contrast, T1 and T2 had higher\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake than the NC.\n                    Economically, the T1 showed higher total weight gain and lower\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) feed cost per kg gain than the PC and T3\n                    during the growing phase. Experiment 2, a total of 5 crossbred growing-finishing\n                    pigs (11 weeks of age; initial body weight 36.84 \u00b1 0.51 kg) were used in\n                    a 5-week metabolism trial based on a 5 \u00d7 5 Latin square design to\n                    investigate the effects of MSG-CMS on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen\n                    retention. The T1 had higher (p &lt; 0.05) gross energy\n                    digestibility than the T3. Fecal nitrogen excretion was lower\n                        (p &lt; 0.05) in the T1 than in the T2, while the T2 had\n                    higher (p &lt; 0.05) total nitrogen excretion than the NC. In\n                    conclusion, molasses can be replaced with MSG-CMS without negative effects, with\n                    25% replacement being the most effective for improving growth performance,\n                    nutrient digestibility, and economic efficiency in growing-finishing pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T06:30:52Z","timestamp":1760941852000},"page":"1428-1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of the optimal monosodium glutamate-condensed molasses\n                    solubles inclusion level replacing molasses in growing-finishing\n                    pigs"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4272-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinmo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6777-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NongHyup Feed Inc, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyoen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongcheol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeongho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuck","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1646-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NongHyup Feed Inc, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute, Woosung Feed Co., Ltd, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeun Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5322\/JESI.2019.28.1.159","article-title":"Effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production\n                        and egg quality in laying hens","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Int."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B2","first-page":"427","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of condensed molasses soluble\n                        (CMS) on growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing\n                        pigs","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00554.x","article-title":"Beet-vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) as an ingredient in\n                        diets for cattle and pigs \u2013 nutritive value and\n                        limitations","volume":"89","author":"Stemme","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0590673","article-title":"Condensed molasses solubles in poultry feeds","volume":"59","author":"Damron","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.19.0844","article-title":"Use of condensed molasses fermentation solubles as an alternative\n                        source of concentrates in dairy cows","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biosci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz085","article-title":"Palatability in pigs, the pleasure of consumption","volume":"97","author":"Figueroa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7744\/kjoas.20220015","article-title":"Effect of condensed molasses fermentation solubles (CMS) to\n                        replace molasses on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and\n                        backfat thickness in growing pigs","volume":"49","author":"Munezero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Agric Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B8","first-page":"11","article-title":"Substitution of defatted soybean meal with condensed molasses\n                        fermentation soluble in diets for fingerling milkfish (Chanos chanos\n                        Forsskal)","volume":"34","author":"Chien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fish Soc Taiwan."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B9","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC (National Research Council)","year":"2012","edition":"11th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B10","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)","year":"2007","edition":"18th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6244","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17644","article-title":"Characterization of molasses chemical composition","volume":"103","author":"Palmonari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051259","article-title":"Measures matter\u2014determining the true nutri-physiological\n                        value of feed ingredients for swine","volume":"11","author":"Shurson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2640","article-title":"Feed preferences and performance of nursery pigs fed diets\n                        containing various inclusion amounts and qualities of distillers coproducts\n                        and flavor","volume":"88","author":"Seabolt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B14","unstructured":"Hastad\n                            CW\n                        \n                    \n                    The use 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composition of finishing pigs","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020200","article-title":"Effects of various feed additives on finishing pig growth\n                        performance and carcass characteristics: a review","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B21","unstructured":"Ramukanda\n                            M\n                        \n                    \n                    Effects of molasses-enhanced fermentation and exogenous enzymes on the\n                        nutritive value of castor bean (Ricinus communis L) oil cake for growing\n                        pigs\n                    Doctoral dissertation\n                    University of KwaZulu-Natal\n                    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diet with three different protein concentrations","volume":"2","author":"Abeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12329","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of modified zinc oxide on\n                        growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial\n                        shedding and fecal score in weanling pigs","volume":"86","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1420-x","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate is safe and\n                        improves growth performance in postweaning pigs","volume":"44","author":"Rezaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2019.61.4.204","article-title":"Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth\n                        performance, blood profiles, and carcass traits in growing-finishing\n                        pigs","volume":"61","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1049","article-title":"The influence of age, farm, and physiological status on pig\n                        hematological profiles","volume":"26","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24508-7","article-title":"Tracing of the fecal microbiota of commercial pigs at five growth\n                        stages from birth to shipment","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14030349","article-title":"Dietary serine supplementation improves growth performance,\n                        intramuscular fat content, and composition of gut microbes and metabolites\n                        in growing\u2013finishing pigs","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14504","article-title":"Effects of acute heat stress on intestinal microbiota in\n                        grow\u2010finishing pigs, and associations with feed intake and serum\n                        profile","volume":"128","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.7744\/kjoas.500422","article-title":"Effects of different stocking density in lairage of fattening\n                        pigs in high temperatures","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J Agric Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad148","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad148","article-title":"Effect of different ratios of phytogenic feed additives on growth\n                        performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and\n                        immune response in weaned pigs challenged with a pathogenic Escherichia\n                        coli","volume":"101","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-0426-6","article-title":"Dietary garcinol supplementation improves diarrhea and intestinal\n                        barrier function associated with its modulation of gut microbiota in weaned\n                        piglets","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2012.739092","article-title":"Effect of probiotics supplementation in diets with different\n                        nutrient densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood\n                        characteristics, faecal microbial population and faecal noxious gas content\n                        in growing pigs","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/112527\/2019","article-title":"Effect of vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) on performance,\n                        blood metabolites, ruminal parameters and carcass characteristics of\n                        Mahabadi goat male kids","volume":"28","author":"Zali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010115","article-title":"A review regarding the use of molasses in animal\n                        nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Mordenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1970.3161102x","article-title":"Economic benefits to the livestock producer and to the consumer\n                        from the use of feed additives","volume":"31","author":"Cravens","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B39","unstructured":"Pienaar\n                            GA\n                        \n                    \n                    The potential of condensed molasses solubles (CMS) to replace molasses\n                        in feedlot diets\n                    Master\u2019s thesis\n                    University of Pretoria\n                    2016"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2024.e120","article-title":"Identifying the optimal ratios for replacing spray-dried plasma\n                        protein with hydrolyzed porcine intestinal protein in weaning\n                        pig","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B41","first-page":"110","article-title":"Analysis of the economic efficiency of growing pigs for meat and\n                        its improvement","volume":"26","author":"Shahini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Horiz."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.324608","article-title":"A respiration-metabolism chamber system for measuring gas\n                        emission and nutrient digestibility in small ruminant\n                        animals","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1951.10188x","article-title":"The design and operation of metabolism units for nutritional\n                        studies with swine","volume":"10","author":"Hansard","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(77)90015-3","article-title":"The nutritional value for sheep of molasses and condensed\n                        molasses 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advances","volume":"94","author":"Knudsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5054","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1662","article-title":"Viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharides affect\n                        intestinal nutrient and energy flow and hindgut fermentation in growing\n                        pigs","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6892634x","article-title":"Evaluation of condensed molasses fermentation solubles as a\n                        nonprotein nitrogen source for ruminants","volume":"68","author":"Hannon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380390814523","article-title":"Influences of fermentable carbohydrates on shifting nitrogen\n                        excretion and reducing ammonia emission of pigs","volume":"33","author":"Nahm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(01)00287-5","article-title":"Lactose, sucrose, and molasses in simple and complex diets for\n                        nursery pigs","volume":"93","author":"Mavromichalis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2002.00398.x","article-title":"Adaptation to the digestion of nutrients of a starch diet or a\n                        non-starch polysaccharide diet in group-housed pregnant sows","volume":"86","author":"Van Der Peet-Schwering","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001416","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced alterations of the gut microbiota and\n                        microbial fermentation in protein parallel the changes in host nitrogen\n                        metabolism of growing pigs","volume":"13","author":"Pi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B54","unstructured":"Mansilla\n                            WD\n                        \n                    \n                    Non-protein nitrogen is used efficiently for improving protein\n                        deposition and feed efficiency in growing pigs\n                    Doctoral dissertation\n                    University of Guelph\n                    2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and 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