{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:52:25Z","timestamp":1791877945984,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides and inulin are biological activators that\n     selectively stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal\n     tract. However, their specific effects when applied during the weaning period in piglets\n     remains limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of fructooligosaccharides and\n     inulin supplementation in weaned piglets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune\n     response, and gut microbiota composition with the aim of exploring their potential benefits for\n     piglet health during the weaning transition. A total of 72 weaned piglets (28 days of age) were\n     allocated to three dietary groups: CON (basal diet), FOS (CON + 0.3% fructooligosaccharides),\n     and INU (CON + 3% inulin) to investigate the effects of fructan supplementation. Growth\n     performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, immune responses, and fecal microbiota\n     were evaluated. Although fructan supplementation did not induce significant changes in growth\n     performance or nutrient digestibility, it significantly increased serum immunoglobulin A\n     levels. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of the fructan supplemented piglets was enriched with\n     short-chain fatty acid\u2013producing bacteria, including\n      Phascolarctobacterium, Agathobacter, Clostridium\n      sensu stricto, and Flavonifractor. Fructan supplementation in the\n     diets of weaned piglets positively influenced immune response and gut microbiota composition,\n     suggesting its potential to enhance gut health during the weaning period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T06:30:52Z","timestamp":1760941852000},"page":"1444-1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of fructooligosaccharides and inulin on growth performance, immunity and\n     the gut microbiome in weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi Beom","family":"Keum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yejin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3974-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juyoun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunok","family":"Doo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1217-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinok","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7504-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haram","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5573-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeongjae","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5544-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3393-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-421X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Sol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeun Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B1","first-page":"502","article-title":"Structure and function of the fecal microbiota in diarrheic neonatal\n      piglets","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13418","article-title":"Association between the body weight of growing pigs and the functional capacity\n      of their gut microbiota","volume":"91","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Sci J."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0721-7","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market\n      reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-024-00121-4","article-title":"Understanding the diversity and roles of the ruminal microbiome","volume":"62","author":"Keum","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01235-4","article-title":"Understanding the diversity and roles of the canine gut\n      microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0269-6","article-title":"The dynamics of the piglet gut microbiome during the weaning transition in\n      association with health and nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Guevarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e129","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in livestock, environment and humans: one health\n      perspective","volume":"66","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.04.002","article-title":"Maternal or post-weaning dietary fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation reduces\n      stillbirth rate of sows and diarrhea of weaned piglets","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313475","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic and multispecies probiotic supplementation on the gut\n      microbiota, immune function, and growth performance of weaned piglets","volume":"19","author":"Huaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.420","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of\n      prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01634-9","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria in Asian fermented foods and their beneficial roles in\n      human health","volume":"33","author":"Doo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11162490","article-title":"Evaluation of prebiotics through an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and\n      fecal fermentation experiment: further idea on the implementation of machine learning\n      technique","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00581-3","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently\n      of the pig gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B16","article-title":"Promotion of intestinal epithelial cell turnover by commensal bacteria: role of\n      short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B17","first-page":"315","article-title":"Inulin-type prebiotics--a review: part 1","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Altern Med 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Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.130302","article-title":"Supplemental dietary inulin of variable chain lengths alters intestinal\n      bacterial populations in young pigs","volume":"140","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920129","article-title":"Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent\n      digestibility values in the pig","volume":"68","author":"Jagger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7592317x","article-title":"Feeding value of cottonseed meal for feedlot cattle","volume":"75","author":"Zinn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420041842.ch40","article-title":"Digestion and balance techniques in pigs","volume-title":"Swine nutrition","author":"Adeola","year":"2000"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.08.007","article-title":"Minimization of chloroplast contamination in 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing of\n      insect herbivore bacterial communities","volume":"95","author":"Hanshew","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using\n      QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01078","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/201913101078","article-title":"Effects of dietary FOS and CPP on growth performance and serum biochemical\n      parameters for weaned piglets","volume":"131","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114335","article-title":"Effects of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber supplementation on growth\n      performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbe and barrier function in weaning\n      piglet","volume":"260","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9137","article-title":"Effects of fiber inclusion on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of\n      piglets reared under optimal or poor hygienic conditions","volume":"93","author":"Berrocoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.102147","article-title":"Iron fortification and inulin supplementation in early infancy: evaluating the\n      impact on iron metabolism and trace mineral status in a piglet model","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855846","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.855846","article-title":"Prebiotics and \u03b2-glucan as gut modifier feed additives in modulation of\n      growth performance, protein utilization status and dry matter and lactose digestibility in\n      weanling pigs","volume":"3","author":"Hayhoe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106578","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of crude chicory and inulin on gut health in\n      weaning piglets","volume":"123","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00172-X","article-title":"Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on microbial diversity and\n      fructo-oligosaccharide degrading bacteria in faeces of piglets post-weaning","volume":"109","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001130","article-title":"Effects of dietary inulin supplementation on growth performance, intestinal\n      barrier integrity and microbial populations in weaned pigs","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2018.1505147","article-title":"Comparative effect of different dietary inulin sources and probiotics on growth\n      performance and blood characteristics in growing\u2013finishing pigs","volume":"72","author":"Samoli\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B37","first-page":"762","article-title":"Efficacy of fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides in piglet\n      diets","volume":"62","author":"Grela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Weter"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B38","first-page":"104","article-title":"Iron deficiency in suckling piglets: etiology, clinical aspects and\n      diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Svoboda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Vet."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/748","article-title":"Evaluation of blood parameters as an early assessment of health status in\n      nursery pigs","volume":"21","author":"Buzzard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02175-9","article-title":"Platelets","volume":"355","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2009.01.013","article-title":"Structure and function of red and white blood cells","volume":"37","author":"Gordon-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1111","article-title":"Growth performance and hematology characteristics in pigs treated with iron at\n      birth and weaning and fed a nursery diet supplemented with a pharmacological level of zinc\n      oxide","volume":"27","author":"Estienne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G173","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00197.2006","article-title":"Stress signaling pathways activated by weaning mediate intestinal dysfunction in\n      the pig","volume":"292","author":"Moeser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G352","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00081.2009","article-title":"Early weaning stress impairs development of mucosal barrier function in the\n      porcine intestine","volume":"298","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.2.283","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of epithelial permeability and ion transport","volume":"44","author":"McKay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051292","article-title":"Effect of replacing in-feed antibiotic growth promoters with a combination of\n      egg immunoglobulins and phytomolecules on the performance, serum immunity, and intestinal\n      health of weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2478\/bvip-2014-0069","article-title":"Effect of dietary inulin source on piglet performance, immunoglobulin\n      concentration, and plasma lipid profile","volume":"58","author":"Grela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.153","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics\n      Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in\n      rats","volume":"134","author":"Roller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03235-2","article-title":"The effect of in vitro simulated colonic pH gradients on microbial activity and\n      metabolite production using common prebiotics as substrates","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1111","article-title":"Microbial interaction between the succinate-utilizing bacterium\n      Phascolarctobacterium faecium and the gut commensal Bacteroides\n      thetaiotaomicron","volume":"9","author":"Ikeyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41837-3","article-title":"A prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response\n      relationship study to investigate efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on human gut\n      microflora","volume":"9","author":"Tandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081669","article-title":"The effects of high fiber rye, compared to refined wheat, on gut microbiota\n      composition, plasma short chain fatty acids, and implications for weight loss and metabolic\n      risk factors (the RyeWeight study)","volume":"14","author":"Iversen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116116","article-title":"Properties of hydrolyzed guar gum fermented in vitro with pig fecal inocula and\n      its favorable impacts on microbiota","volume":"237","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43448-z","article-title":"Identification of inulin-responsive bacteria in the gut microbiota via\n      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