{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:26Z","timestamp":1792790186182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in\n                                Food, Agriculture, and Forestry","award":["120100-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120100-03"]}]},{"name":"Kangwon National University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01mh5ph17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Daegu University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zqccq48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to develop a real-time diagnostic method for assessing\n                    the maturity of liquid compost from swine manure by monitoring the\n                    oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH, two key indicators of the oxidative\n                    status of organic matter and nitrogen compounds. The experimental system\n                    comprised a cylindrical bioreactor equipped with an aeration and mixing device.\n                    During the liquid composting process of swine manure in the bioreactor, the ORP\n                    and pH were continuously monitored, while changes in the liquid compost maturity\n                    and concentrations of soluble nitrogen and organic matter were observed. In\n                    addition, the physicochemical differences between mature liquid compost (MLC)\n                    and non-mature liquid compost (NMLC) were comparatively analyzed. The MLC\n                    exhibited significantly higher ORP and lower pH with lower ammonium nitrogen\n                    concentrations and higher concentrations of oxidized nitrogen compounds\n                    (NO\u2093-N) compared to NMLC. A diagnostic method combining ORP and pH\n                    thresholds was proposed, where samples with an ORP greater than or equal to 180\n                    mV were classified as MLC. In addition, samples with an ORP between 0 and 180 mV\n                    and pH &lt; 8 were classified as MLC. Field validation at a swine manure liquid\n                    composting facility confirmed the accuracy of the diagnostic method, achieving\n                    100% agreement with liquid compost maturity analysis using an automatic liquid\n                    compost maturity tester. This study provides a simple and effective tool for\n                    optimizing liquid compost production, minimizing ammonia emissions, and\n                    enhancing liquid compost maturity in swine manure recycling systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T02:20:32Z","timestamp":1755656432000},"page":"1645-1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-time determination of swine manure liquid compost maturity by\n                    oxidation-reduction potential and pH monitoring"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Min","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2875-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Gun","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Six","family":"Ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 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typic Hapludalf soil\n                        after long-term application of pig slurry and deep pig litter in a\n                        no-tillage system","volume":"93","author":"Guardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-016-1474-6","article-title":"Soil organic matter and nutrient accumulation in areas under\n                        intensive management and swine manure application","volume":"17","author":"da Silva Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Soils Sediments"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.02.010","article-title":"Fate of phosphorus applied to soil in pig slurry under cropping\n                        in southern 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P\n                        movement in a soil profile after 14 years of liquid pig manure\n                        fertilization","volume":"78","author":"Hountin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.04.021","article-title":"Optimal organic carbon values for soil structure quality of\n                        arable soils. Does clay content matter?","volume":"302","author":"Johannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4437-2","article-title":"Forms of phosphorus transfer in runoff under no-tillage in a soil\n                        treated with successive swine effluents applications","volume":"187","author":"Lourenzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-992x-2019-0017","article-title":"Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture\n                        fertilised with liquid swine manure","volume":"77","author":"Scheid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Agric."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0634","article-title":"Nutrient variations from swine manure to agricultural\n                       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challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"135","author":"Khoshnevisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.225961","article-title":"Rapid ammonia gas transport accounts for futile transmembrane\n                        cycling under NH3\/NH4+ toxicity in plant roots","volume":"163","author":"Coskun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2014.12.005","article-title":"Overcoming ammonium toxicity","volume":"231","author":"Bitts\u00e1nszky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2016.04.008","article-title":"Review: mechanisms of ammonium toxicity and the quest for\n                        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maturity assessment methods\n                    Master\u2019s thesis\n                    Kangwon National University\n                    2018"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B34","first-page":"221","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics of liquid fertilizer made from\n                        pig manure in Korea","volume":"18","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Environ Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.11109\/JAES.2013.19.2.163","article-title":"A comparative study on correlation through physiochemical\n                        property comparison of livestock liquid fertilizer","volume":"19","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Environ Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1987.0244","article-title":"Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) regulation: a way to optimize\n                        pollution removal and energy savings in the low load activated sludge\n                        process","volume":"19","author":"Charpentier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.08.030","article-title":"Biological nitrogen removal with a real-time control strategy\n                        using moving slope changes of pH(mV)- and ORP-time profiles","volume":"45","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020311","article-title":"Development of a real-time controlled bio-liquor circulation\n                        system for swine farms: a lab-scale study","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and 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