{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:52:24Z","timestamp":1791877944027,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility is an increasing global health concern, with reduced sperm motility being a\n     major contributing factor. Among various molecular mechanisms, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\n     (PI3K)\/phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1)\/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling\n     pathway has been identified as a key regulator of sperm function, particularly motility.\n     However, the relationship between this pathway and sperm motility is not fully understood. In\n     this study, we investigated the correlation between sperm motility and the levels of\n     PI3K\/PDK1\/AKT pathway-related proteins in Duroc boar spermatozoa. Sperm motility was assessed\n     using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and protein levels were measured via\n     enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results revealed significant correlations\n     between signaling components and specific motility parameters. Notably, PI3K levels were\n     negatively correlated with beat cross frequency (BCF), suggesting that excessive activation may\n     impair flagellar motion. In contrast, phosphorylated PDK1 (p-PDK1) and AKT phosphorylated at\n     Thr308 and Ser473 were positively correlated with progressive motility (PRG), supporting a role\n     for AKT activation in enhancing forward movement. Interestingly, both PTEN and phosphorylated\n     PTEN (p-PTEN) showed positive correlations with various velocity parameters, indicating a\n     potential regulatory role in modulating AKT activity to maintain optimal motility patterns.\n     While these findings enhance our understanding of sperm motility regulation, limitations\n     include reliance on the correlation analysis and the absence of direct enzymatic activity\n     measurements. Additionally, these results are specific to Duroc boar spermatozoa and may not be\n     directly applicable to other species. Nonetheless, this study provides foundational insights\n     into the molecular mechanisms underlying sperm motility and underscores the importance of the\n     PI3K\/PDK1\/AKT pathway in male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T06:30:52Z","timestamp":1760941852000},"page":"1371-1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation between PI3K\/PDK1\/AKT pathway-related protein levels and sperm\n     motility in Duroc Boars"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Ik","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hwan","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3108-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Uwamahoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Won","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8615-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanwool","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeonggi Province Livestock Promotion Center, Gyeonggi-do Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea"},{"name":"School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2593-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junkoo","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea"},{"name":"ARIF Inc., Naju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonho","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Yep","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6785-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Jung","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanwoo Digital Information Center, Hanwooboard, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0848-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Sung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2020.1803773","article-title":"Breeding soundness examination and herd proficiency of local genetic groups of\n      bulls in tropical environment conditions in Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"19","author":"Torres-Aburto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03325-1","article-title":"Success rate of artificial insemination, reproductive performance and economic\n      impact of failure of first service insemination: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-022-00094-7","article-title":"Understanding sperm motility mechanisms and the implication of sperm surface\n      molecules in promoting motility","volume":"27","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020383","article-title":"Morphological and molecular bases of male infertility: a closer look at sperm\n      flagellum","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2011.553984","article-title":"Sperm DNA damage or progressive motility: which one is the better predictor of\n      fertilization in vitro?","volume":"57","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1071\/RD05120","article-title":"Moving to the beat: a review of mammalian sperm motility\n      regulation","volume":"18","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108678","article-title":"Ethylene oxide suppresses boar sperm function during\n      capacitation","volume":"129","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.12.026","article-title":"Role of PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway during capacitation","volume":"235","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212955","article-title":"Sperm transcriptome analysis accurately reveals male fertility potential in\n      livestock","volume":"12","author":"Indriastuti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.001","article-title":"AKT\/PKB signaling: navigating the network","volume":"169","author":"Manning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_46_20","article-title":"Prohibitin (PHB) interacts with AKT in mitochondria to coordinately modulate\n      sperm motility","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20882","article-title":"Changes of PKA and PDK1 in the principal piece of boar spermatozoa treated with\n      a cell-permeable cAMP analog to induce flagellar hyperactivation","volume":"75","author":"Harayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.12.011","article-title":"Ochratoxin A exposure decreased sperm motility via the AMPK and PTEN signaling\n      pathways","volume":"340","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.08.008","article-title":"GRP78 plays a key role in sperm function via the PI3K\/PDK1\/AKT\n      pathway","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod 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Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.02.007","article-title":"Application of sperm motion kinematics and motility-related proteins for\n      prediction of male fertility","volume":"218","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108745","article-title":"Role of Rab proteins in PFOA-induced changes in boar sperm motility and\n      capacitation","volume":"130","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00447","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase modifies boar sperm motion\n      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Bola\u00f1os","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.04.005","article-title":"Progesterone utilizes the PI3K-AKT pathway in human spermatozoa to regulate\n      motility and hyperactivation but not acrosome reaction","volume":"374","author":"Sagare-Patil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2926","article-title":"Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of\n      protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C153","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00142.2003","article-title":"PI3K induced actin filament remodeling through Akt and p70S6K1: implication of\n      essential role in cell migration","volume":"286","author":"Qian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8271","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.12.8271","article-title":"Akt\/protein kinase B is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical\n      PDK-2 site","volume":"275","author":"Toker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00337.x","article-title":"The activation of Akt\/PKB signaling pathway and cell survival","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22324","article-title":"Ortho-phenylphenol exposure impairs porcine sperm motility through AMPK\/AKT\n      signaling pathway","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5010","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.14.5010-5018.2000","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail regulates protein stability and\n      function","volume":"20","author":"Vazquez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B32","first-page":"267","article-title":"Interaction of sperm with the zona pellucida during\n      fertilization","volume":"67","author":"Gadella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl."},{"key":"key2.0261013094153e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00408-y","article-title":"Current insights and latest updates in sperm motility and associated\n      applications in assisted reproduction","volume":"29","author":"Dcunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:42:32Z","timestamp":1791877352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2500234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2500234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}