{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:26Z","timestamp":1792790186174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["RS-2024-00401180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00401180"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xs9yg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) during lactation poses a critical challenge in swine production,\n                    often impairing feed intake, metabolic function, and reproductive performance in\n                    sows. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed form (mash vs. pellet)\n                    and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB; 230 vs. 290 mEq\/kg) adjusted with sodium\n                    bicarbonate on sow performance, litter growth, immune response, antioxidant\n                    status, and gut microbiota under HS conditions. A total of 40 multiparous sows\n                    were assigned to four treatments in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design: Mlow (mash\n                    + 230 mEq\/kg), Mhigh (mash + 290 mEq\/kg), Plow (pellet + 230 mEq\/kg), and Phigh\n                    (pellet + 290 mEq\/kg). Each treatment contained 10 sows with 3\u20135 parity\n                    and their initial body weight was 241.83 \u00b1 16 kg at d 112 of lactation.\n                    The trial spanned from parturition to weaning (21 days) during summer at an\n                    average temperature of 28.8\u00b0C. Results showed that sows fed pelleted\n                    diets (Plow, Phigh) and higher dEB levels (Mhigh, Phigh) had higher\n                        (p &lt; 0.001) average daily feed intake. Piglets from\n                    Mhigh and Phigh sows had increased (p = 0.001) weaning weights.\n                    Dry matter digestibility was increased (p = 0.022) in sows\n                    receiving pelleted diets. The tumour necrosis factor-alpha was lower\n                        (p &lt; 0.001) in Plow, Phigh, and Mhigh\n                        (p = 0.010), with an interaction (p =\n                    0.013) in feed forms and dEB. The interleukin-1\u03b2 was lower\n                        (p &lt; 0.001) in Plow and Phigh, with higher\n                        (p &lt; 0.001) superoxide dismutase activity in Phigh and\n                    Plow. Hair cortisol was lower (p = 0.048) in pelleted groups,\n                    suggesting lower physiological stress. Although alpha diversity did not differ,\n                    beta diversity and relative abundance of Lactobacillus and\n                        Turicibacter indicated microbial shifts influenced by feed\n                    form. In conclusion, pelleted feed form and higher dEB, particularly the Phigh\n                    treatment, enhanced feed intake, litter performance, and anti-inflammatory\n                    status without negatively affecting milk composition or gut integrity. These\n                    findings support the integration of feed form and electrolyte strategies to\n                    improve sow productivity under HS conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2500270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T06:30:52Z","timestamp":1760941852000},"page":"1460-1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional and physiological response to feed form and sodium\n                    bicarbonate-adjusted dietary electrolyte balance in lactating sows under heat\n                    stress"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5743-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang Mun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6071-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Young","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habeeb","family":"Tajudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Hosseindoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2711-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Dam","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6584-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon Ah","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2171-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Sik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2115-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Ji","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Do","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae102.038","article-title":"96 Evaluating the impact of macroenvironment temperature on\n                        thermoregulatory and milk quality parameters in lactating sows and their\n                        litter","volume":"102","author":"Cecil","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01139-9","article-title":"Effects of spray dried plasma on litter growth performance and\n                        oxidative stress and inflammation of sows kept in a hot\n                        environment","volume":"16","author":"Bailey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040280","article-title":"Metabolic responses of dietary fiber during heat stress: effects\n                        on reproductive performance and stress level of gestating\n                        sows","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04387-7","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on pig production and its mitigation\n                        strategies: a review","volume":"57","author":"Katiyar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.016","article-title":"Importance of feed structure (particle size) and feed form (mash\n                        vs. pellets) in pig nutrition \u2013 a review","volume":"233","author":"Vukmirovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.011","article-title":"Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on the performance, plasma\n                        biochemistry parameters and immunoglobulin of sows during late gestation and\n                        lactation","volume":"200","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B7","unstructured":"Evans\n                            CE\n                        \n                    \n                    Evaluation of feed processing techniques on feed quality and monogastric\n                        nutrition\n                    Ph.D. dissertation\n                    Kansas State University\n                    2023"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.26832\/24566632.2024.0903023","article-title":"Comparative study of mash vs pellet feed on growth performance\n                        and feed utilization by goat","volume":"9","author":"Malla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Agric Environ Sci"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.18678\/dtfd.1504013","article-title":"Technological processes applied to laboratory animal feeds and\n                        new feeding approaches","volume":"26","author":"Tepe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Duzce Med J."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114603","article-title":"Effects of particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion on\n                        the nutritional value of ingredients and diets fed to pigs: a\n                        review","volume":"268","author":"Lancheros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030328","article-title":"The antinutritional factors and technological processing of\n                        sorghum and its application in pig production","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.08.008","article-title":"Chronic heat stress induces the disorder of gut transport and\n                        immune function associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing\n                        pigs","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030386","article-title":"The effect of heat stress and vitamin and micro-mineral\n                        supplementation on some mineral digestibility and electrolyte balance of\n                        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broilers","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114270","article-title":"Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on reproductive\n                        performance and blood profiles in sows","volume":"259","author":"Ao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B17","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC (National Research Council), Division on Earth, Life Studies,\n                            Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine","year":"2012","edition":"11th rev. ed"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B18","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)","year":"2007","edition":"18th 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pigs","volume":"65","author":"Hosseindoust","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04411-w","article-title":"Effects of dietary mineral level and creep feed provision on\n                        lactating sows during heat stress","volume":"57","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e33","article-title":"Effects of various cooling methods and drinking water\n                        temperatures on reproductive performance and behavior in heat stressed\n                        sows","volume":"64","author":"Tajudeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101772","article-title":"Microbiota DNA isolation, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and\n                        bioinformatic analysis for bacterial microbiome profiling of rodent fecal\n                        samples","volume":"3","author":"Love","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103467","article-title":"The pharmaceutical effect of Korean wild ginseng residue extract\n                        on the performance, microbiota quality, cytokine expression, and the ginseng\n                        saponin content of laying hen","volume":"103","author":"Tajudeen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa106","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa106","article-title":"Effects and interaction of dietary electrolyte balance and citric\n                        acid on the intestinal function of weaned piglets","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114611","article-title":"Improvement of feed and nutrient efficiency in pig production\n                        through precision feeding","volume":"268","author":"Gaillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051384","article-title":"Research progress on oxidative stress and its nutritional\n                        regulation strategies in pigs","volume":"11","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030321","article-title":"Microbial-derived antioxidants in intestinal inflammation: a\n                        systematic review of their therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00eda Mansilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87551-1","article-title":"Investigating the expression of anti\/pro-inflammatory cytokines\n                        in the pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis and its association\n                        with serum level of vitamin D","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-024-00919-1","article-title":"Breeding for resilience in finishing pigs can decrease tail\n                        biting, lameness and mortality","volume":"56","author":"Gorssen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genet Sel Evol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.12.010","article-title":"Dietary nutrition, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and\n                        post-weaning diarrhea in piglets","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564519","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1564519","article-title":"The research progress on the impact of pig gut microbiota on\n                        health and production performance","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030886","article-title":"The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in\n                        the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition\n                        in optimizing treatment strategies","volume":"13","author":"Wiertsema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042189","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1042189","article-title":"Gut microbiome and human health: exploring how the probiotic\n                        genus Lactobacillus modulate immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Rastogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784211","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.784211","article-title":"Caffeic acid supplement alleviates colonic inflammation and\n                        oxidative stress potentially through improved gut microbiota community in\n                        mice","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164724","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1164724","article-title":"Turicibacter and Acidaminococcus predict immune-related adverse\n                        events and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor","volume":"14","author":"Hamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"key2.0261013094154e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70139","article-title":"Variation of meat quality and relationship to gut microbiota\n                        among different pig breeds","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:43:12Z","timestamp":1791877392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2500270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2500270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2500270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}