{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:30Z","timestamp":1792790130984,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["RS-2023-00230754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00230754"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xs9yg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ejast.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Anim Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between a two-step in\n                        vitro digestion procedure and in vivo apparent\n                    total tract digestibility across three life stages in mixed-breed dogs. Eighteen\n                    dogs were divided into three groups: puppies (n = 6; &lt; 1 year; initial\n                    body weight [iBW]: 10.68 \u00b1 1.55 kg), adults (n = 6; 2\u20137 years;\n                    iBW: 8.34 \u00b1 0.38 kg), and seniors (n = 6; &gt; 8 years; iBW: 8.87\n                    \u00b1 0.98 kg). An extruded diet based on oat, turkey, and chicken breast\n                    meal was used for both in vitro and in vivo\n                    digestibility determinations of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, gross\n                    energy, crude fiber, and ether extract. In vitro digestibility\n                    values were consistently higher than in vivo values across all\n                    nutrients and life stages (p &lt; 0.05). Linear regression\n                    revealed strong in vitro\u2013in vivo\n                    agreement for gross energy across all life stages (r\u00b2 =\n                    0.87\u20130.98), for organic matter in adult dogs (r\u00b2\n                    = 0.96), and for ether extract and dry matter in senior dogs\n                        (r\u00b2 = 0.91\u20130.93), as well as for crude fiber\n                    in puppies and adults (r\u00b2 = 0.85\u20130.87) and for\n                    ether extract in puppies (r\u00b2 = 0.91), whereas agreement\n                    was weaker for crude protein across life stages (r\u00b2 =\n                    0.55\u20130.66) and for organic matter in puppies (r\u00b2\n                    = 0.40). These findings indicate that the two-step in vitro\n                    digestion method can serve as a practical screening tool for energy and\n                    macronutrient digestibility in mixed-breed dogs of the body-size range studied\n                    here, with predictive accuracy that depends on both the nutrient and the life\n                    stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2600101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T01:09:41Z","timestamp":1780016981000},"page":"1322-1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of in vitro method for estimating\n                        in vivo digestibility in mixed-breed dogs across each life\n                    stage"],"prefix":"10.5187","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeongho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4515-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q92br09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongcheol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuck","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4272-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinmo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7633-8013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyohyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeun Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058pdbn81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wnxgj78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3132","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x","article-title":"Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and\n                        post\u2010prandial glucose and insulin response","volume":"92","author":"Carciofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4112","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein content and source on colonic\n                        fermentative activity in dogs differing in body size and digestive\n                        tolerance","volume":"90","author":"Nery","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009768","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterization of fecal microbial communities of\n                        dogs fed diets with or without supplemental dietary fiber using 454\n                        pyrosequencing","volume":"5","author":"Middelbos","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12507","article-title":"Digestive sensitivity varies according to size of dogs: a\n                        review","volume":"101","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B5","first-page":"149","article-title":"Studies on the energy requirement of dogs depending on breed and\n                        age","volume":"35","author":"Rainbird","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.72770","article-title":"From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota\n                        evolve with dog sizes","volume":"18","author":"Deschamps","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11837","article-title":"The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to\n                        a starch-rich diet","volume":"495","author":"Axelsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(97)00058-8","article-title":"Prediction of the total tract digestibility of energy in\n                        feedstuffs and pig diets by in vitro analyses","volume":"68","author":"Boisen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1222242","article-title":"A new in vitro method to evaluate digestibility of commercial\n                        diets for dogs","volume":"15","author":"Biagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14397\/jals.2024.58.2.101","article-title":"New in vitro method complement low-value existing in vitro method\n                        in commercial dog diets in the Republic of Korea","volume":"58","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Life Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.7961523x","article-title":"Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal\n                        characteristics of dogs as affected by soybean protein inclusion in dry,\n                        extruded diets","volume":"79","author":"Clapper","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B12","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAFCO","author":"AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)","year":"2024"},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00693.x","article-title":"Prediction of digestible energy content of extruded dog food by\n                        in vitro analyses","volume":"91","author":"Hervera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B14","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of the AOAC International","author":"AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)\n                            International","year":"2006","edition":"18th ed"},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00557.x","article-title":"Energy evaluation of extruded compound foods for dogs by\n                        near\u2010infrared spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Castrillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01203.x","article-title":"Fibre analysis and fibre digestibility in pet foods\u2013a\n                        comparison of total dietary fibre, neutral and acid detergent fibre and\n                        crude fibre","volume":"96","author":"de\u2010Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2002.1507","article-title":"Nutritional quality and variation of meat and bone\n                        meal","volume":"15","author":"Hendriks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-742","article-title":"Invited review: amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in\n                        pig feed ingredients: terminology and application","volume":"85","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B19","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Dietary fiber for dogs: IV","volume":"73","author":"Sunvold","year":"1995","journal-title":"In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum\n                        and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J Anim\n                        Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.5.980","article-title":"Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides\n                        influence immune function, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities,\n                        microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large\n                        bowel of dogs","volume":"132","author":"Swanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.493846x","article-title":"Quantitative in vitro evaluation of the energy metabolism\n                        influenced by virginiamycin and spiramycin used as growth promoters in pig\n                        nutrition","volume":"49","author":"Vervaeke","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2008.00870.x","article-title":"Prediction of digestible protein content of dry extruded dog\n                        foods: comparison of methods","volume":"93","author":"Hervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.8.1940","article-title":"Diet and age affect intestinal morphology and large bowel\n                        fermentative end-product concentrations in senior and young adult\n                        dogs","volume":"135","author":"Kuzmuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155325","article-title":"Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion\n                        animals","volume":"28","author":"Fahey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.162","article-title":"Phylogenetic and gene-centric metagenomics of the canine\n                        intestinal microbiome reveals similarities with humans and\n                        mice","volume":"5","author":"Swanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B26","volume-title":"Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal\n                        professionals","author":"Case","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00330.x","article-title":"Determining metabolizable energy content in commercial pet\n                        foods","volume":"85","author":"Laflamme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01257.x","article-title":"Energy requirements of puppies of two different breeds for ideal\n                        growth from weaning to 28 weeks of age","volume":"97","author":"Dobenecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.7782180x","article-title":"Evaluation of selected high-starch flours as ingredients in\n                        canine diets","volume":"77","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B30","first-page":"111","article-title":"Introduction to commercial pet foods","volume":"4","author":"Crane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Small Animal Clinical Nutrition."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8261713x","article-title":"Diet affects nutrient digestibility, hematology, and serum\n                        chemistry of senior and weanling dogs","volume":"82","author":"Swanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1682S","article-title":"Intestinal effects of mannanoligosaccharides,\n                        transgalactooligosaccharides, lactose and lactulose in dogs","volume":"132","author":"Zentek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8182008x","article-title":"Nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations, and protein\n                        catabolites as affected by fructan supplementation of dog\n                        diets","volume":"81","author":"Flickinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"key2.0261002114016e+13_B34","volume-title":"Companion animal ethics","author":"Sand\u00f8e","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2600101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.5187\/jast.2600101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:00:56Z","timestamp":1790910056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.ejast.org\/archive\/view_article?doi=10.5187\/jast.2600101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5187\/jast.2600101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187\/jast.2600101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2672-0191","2055-0391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2672-0191","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-0391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}