{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:28:38Z","timestamp":1775284118519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Statewide Campus System","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\"> <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title> <jats:p>There is a desire in orthopaedics to have soft tissue, particularly tendon, grow into metallic implants. With the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printed porous metal implants, we hypothesized that tendons could directly attach to the implants. However, the effects of the porous metal structure on tissue growth and penetration into the pores are unknown. Using a rat model, we investigated the effect of pore size on tendon repair fixation using 3D printed titanium implants.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"methods\"> <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title> <jats:p>There were three experimental groups of eight Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) plus control (n = 3). Implants had defined pore sizes of 400\u00b5m (n = 8), 700\u00b5m (n = 8), and 1000\u00b5m (n = 8). A defect was created in the Achilles tendon and the implant positioned between cut ends and secured with suture. Specimens were harvested at twelve weeks. Half the specimens underwent mechanical testing to assess tensile load to failure. The remaining specimens were fixed and processed for hard tissue histological analysis.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"results\"> <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title> <jats:p>The average load to failure was 72.6N for controls (SD 10.04), 29.95N for 400\u00b5m (SD 17.95), 55.08N for 700\u00b5m (SD 13.47), and 63.08N for 1000\u00b5m (SD 1.87). The load to failure was generally better in the larger pore sizes. The 700\u00b5m and 1000\u00b5m specimens performed similarly, while the 400\u00b5m showed significant differences vs control (p = 0.039), vs 1000\u00b5m (p = 0.010), and approached significance vs 700\u00b5m (p = 0.066). There was increasing ingrowth as pore size increased. Histology showed fibrous tendon tissue within and around the implants, with collagen fibers organized in bundles.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"conclusions\"> <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Tendon repair utilizing implants with 700\u00b5m and 1000\u00b5m pores exhibited similar load to failure as controls. Using a defined pore structure at the attachment points of tendons to implants may allow predictable tendon ingrowth onto\/into an implant at the time of revision arthroplasty.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.51894\/001c.123410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T12:20:58Z","timestamp":1726575658000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Porosities of 3D Printed Titanium Implants on the Tensile Properties in a Rat Tendon Repair Model"],"prefix":"10.51894","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Fry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA","department":["Section of Orthopaedic Surgery"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virotech Co., Inc., Troy, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Bou-Akl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA","department":["Section of Orthopaedic Surgery"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA","department":["Section of Orthopaedic Surgery"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Paula Pawlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA","department":["Section of Orthopaedic Surgery"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Markel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA","department":["Section of Orthopaedic Surgery"]},{"name":"The CORE Institute, Novi, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"29343","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.02.030","article-title":"Mechanical, histological, and functional properties remain inferior in conservatively treated Achilles tendons in rodents: Long term evaluation","volume":"56","author":"B. 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