{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:07:27Z","timestamp":1789211247968,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101008004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["865799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201304158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201304158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-06725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-06725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Air pollution and fog are closely connected, influencing both visibility and human health. As relative humidity rises, aerosol particles absorb water and grow hygroscopically, potentially activating into fog droplets when supersaturation is reached. Distinguishing between hydrated (non-activated) aerosols and activated particles is critical, as their differing thermodynamic states influence fog chemistry and dissipation. This study quantifies the impact of hydrated aerosol particles on fog microphysical properties and visibility in the Po Valley, one of Europe\u2019s most polluted regions. We analyzed detailed aerosol\u2013fog observations from the FAIRARI 2021\/2022 campaign at San Pietro Capofiume, Italy, using\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013K\u00f6hler theory and the Large Eddy Simulation\u00a0(LES) model MIMICA. The median hygroscopicity parameter (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of fog residuals\u00a0(0.45) exceeded that of interstitial particles\u00a0(0.40) and out-of-fog aerosols\u00a0(0.34), reflecting enhanced inorganic content in fog droplets. Hygroscopic growth calculations show that hydrated particles can reach several micrometers in diameter, significantly influencing inferred fog microphysical properties. Excluding hydrated aerosols led to an 81\u2009% increase in effective diameter (from 11.6\u00a0to 21.0\u2009\u00b5m) and an 87\u2009% decrease in cloud droplet number concentration (from 97.4 to 12.4\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Hydrated particles contributed, on average, 21\u2009% to liquid water content and accounted for 36\u2009% of sub-kilometer visibility events without droplet activation. LES results emphasize that fog prediction depends strongly on the largest dry aerosol particles. Our findings demonstrate the need to distinguish between hydrated and activated particles when interpreting fog observations and modeling fog development in polluted environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-11991-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:25:14Z","timestamp":1787549114000},"page":"11991-12017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Importance of hydrated aerosol particles for aerosol\u2013fog relationships in the Italian Po Valley"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almuth","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7141-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1850-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Haberstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3296-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darrel","family":"Baumgardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Decesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annica M. L.","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagen D.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Paglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f0yaq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stockholm University (Stockholm, Sweden)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058zxsr17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research (Stockholm, Sweden)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baguskas, S.\u00a0A., Still, C.\u00a0J., Fischer, D.\u00a0T., D'Antonio, C.\u00a0M., and King, J.\u00a0Y.: Coastal fog during summer drought improves the water status of sapling trees more than adult trees in a California pine forest, Oecologia, 181, 137\u2013148, 10.1007\/s00442-016-3556-y, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-016-3556-y"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balmes, J.\u00a0R., Fine, J.\u00a0M., Gordon, T., and Sheppard, D.: Potential bronchoconstrictor stimuli in acid fog, Environ. Health Perspect., 79, 163\u2013166, 10.1289\/ehp.8979163, 1989.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8979163"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgardner, D., Avallone, L., Bansemer, A., Borrmann, S., Brown, P., Bundke, U., Chuang, P.\u00a0Y., Cziczo, D., Field, P., Gallagher, M., Gayet, J.-F., Heymsfield, A., Korolev, A., Kr\u00e4mer, M., McFarquhar, G., Mertes, S., M\u00f6hler, O., Lance, S., Lawson, P., Petters, M.\u00a0D., Pratt, K., Roberts, G., Rogers, D., Stetzer, O., Stith, J., Strapp, W., Twohy, C., and Wendisch, M.: IN SITU, AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTATION: Addressing and Solving Measurement Problems in Ice Clouds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, ES29\u2013ES34, 2012.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00123.1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhandari, J., China, S., Chandrakar, K.\u00a0K., Kinney, G., Cantrell, W., Shaw, R.\u00a0A., Mazzoleni, L.\u00a0R., Girotto, G., Sharma, N., Gorkowski, K., Gilardoni S., Decesari S., Facchini M.\u00a0C., Zanca N., Pavese G., Esposito F., Dubey M.\u00a0K., Aiken A.\u00a0C., Chakrabarty R.\u00a0K., Moosm\u00fcller H., Onasch T.\u00a0B., Zaveri R.\u00a0A., Scarnato B.\u00a0V., Fialho P., and Mazzoleni C.: Extensive soot compaction by cloud processing from laboratory and field observations, Sci. Rep., 9, 11824, 10.1038\/s41598-019-48143-y, 2019.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48143-y"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bigi, A. and Ghermandi, G.: Trends and variability of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10\u20132.5 concentration in the Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chemi. Phys., 16, 15777\u201315788, 10.5194\/acp-16-15777-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-15777-2016"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Price, J., Kudzotsa, I., Kokkola, H., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 7827\u20137840, 10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Angevine, W., Bao, J.-W., Bergot, T., Bhattacharya, R., Bott, A., Ducong\u00e9, L., Forbes, R., Goecke, T., Grell, E., Hill, A., Igel, A. L., Kudzotsa, I., Lac, C., Maronga, B., Romakkaniemi, S., Schmidli, J., Schwenkel, J., Steeneveld, G.-J., and Vi\u00e9, B.: Demistify: a large-eddy simulation\u00a0(LES) and single-column model\u00a0(SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319\u2013333, 10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costabile, F., Decesari, S., Vecchi, R., Lucarelli, F., Curci, G., Massab\u00f2, D., Rinaldi, M., Gualtieri, M., Corsini, E., Menegola, E., Canepari, S., Massimi, L., Argentini, S., Busetto, M., Di\u00a0Iulio, G., Di\u00a0Liberto, L., Paglione, M., Petenko, I., Russo, M., Marinoni, A., Casasanta, G., Valentini, S., Bernardoni, V., Crova, F., Valli, G., Forello, A.\u00a0C., Giardi, F., Nava, S., Pazzi, G., Prati, P., Vernocchi, V., La\u00a0Torretta, T., Petralia, E., Stracquadanio, M., Zanini, G., Melzi, G., Nozza, E., Iulini, M., Caruso, D., Cioffi, L., Imperato, G., Giavarini, F., Battistoni, M., Di\u00a0Renzo, F., Frezzini, M.\u00a0A., Perrino, C., and Facchini, M.\u00a0C.: On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology, Atmosphere, 13, 10.3390\/atmos13050704, 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13050704"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daellenbach, K.\u00a0R., Uzu, G., Jiang, J., Cassagnes, L.-E., Leni, Z., Vlachou, A., Stefenelli, G., Canonaco, F., Weber, S., Segers, A., Kuenen J.\u00a0J.\u00a0P., Schaap M., Favez O., Albinet A., Aksoyoglu S., Dommen J., Baltensperger U., Geiser M., El Haddad I., Jaffrezo J.-L., and Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t A.\u00a0S.\u00a0H.: Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe, Nature, 587, 414\u2013419, 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2902-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deardorff, J.\u00a0W.: Three-dimensional numerical study of turbulence in an entraining mixed layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 7, 199\u2013226, 1974.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227913"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeCarlo, P.\u00a0F., Kimmel, J.\u00a0R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M.\u00a0J., Jayne, J.\u00a0T., Aiken, A.\u00a0C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K.\u00a0S., Worsnop, D.\u00a0R., and Jimenez, J.\u00a0L.: Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281\u20138289, 10.1021\/ac061249n, 2006.","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061249n"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Sowlat, M. H., Hasheminassab, S., Sandrini, S., Gilardoni, S., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Sioutas, C.: Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7721\u20137731, 10.5194\/acp-17-7721-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7721-2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding, H., Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Mattsson, F., Haberstock, L., Baumgardner, D., Decesari, S., Ekman, A. M. L., Hughes, D., Mohr, C., Paglione, M., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., and Zieger, P.: Large-eddy simulation outputs of radiation fog events during the FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, Italy, February\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les1-1, 2025.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les1-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding, H., Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Mattsson, F., Heikkinen, L., Mansour, K., Decesari, S., Mohr, C., P\u00e9rez, A. B., Mastroianni, N., Zieger, P., Riipinen, I., and Ekman, A. M. L.: The Importance of Aerosol and Droplet Microphysics for the Properties and Life Cycle of Radiation Fog in the Po\u00a0Valley, EGUsphere [preprint], 10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435, 2026.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"EEA: Air Quality in Europe\u00a02020 \u2013 Report No\u00a009\/20, Tech.\u00a0rep., European Environment Agency, https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2020-report (last access: 23 June 2026), 2020.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egli, S., Thies, B., and Bendix, J.: A spatially explicit and temporally highly resolved analysis of variations in fog occurrence over Europe, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 145, 1721\u20131740, 10.1002\/qj.3522, 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3522"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., Wang, C., Str\u00f3m, J., and Krejci, R.: Explicit Simulation of Aerosol Physics in a Cloud-Resolving Model: Aerosol Transport and Processing in the Free Troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 682\u2013696, 10.1175\/JAS3645.1, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3645.1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elias, T., Haeffelin, M., Drobinski, P., Gomes, L., Rangognio, J., Bergot, T., Chazette, P., Raut, J.-C., and Colomb, M.: Particulate contribution to extinction of visible radiation: Pollution, haze, and fog, Atmos. Res., 92, 443\u2013454, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elias, T., Dupont, J.-C., Hammer, E., Hoyle, C. R., Haeffelin, M., Burnet, F., and Jolivet, D.: Enhanced extinction of visible radiation due to hydrated aerosols in mist and fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6605\u20136623, 10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Fuzzi, S., Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Gelencs\u00e9r, A., Kiss, G., Kriv\u00e1csy, Z., M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros, E., Hansson, H.-C., Alsberg, T., and Zeb\u00fchr, Y.: Partitioning of the organic aerosol component between fog droplets and interstitial air, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 26821\u201326832, 10.1029\/1999JD900349, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900349"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Ceburnis, D., and O'Dowd, C.\u00a0D.: Important Source of Marine Secondary Organic Aerosol from Biogenic Amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9116\u20139121, 10.1021\/es8018385, 2008.","DOI":"10.1021\/es8018385"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernando, H. J.\u00a0S., Gultepe, I., Dorman, C., Pardyjak, E., Wang, Q., Hoch, S.\u00a0W., Richter, D., Creegan, E., Gaber\u0161ek, S., Bullock, T., Hocut, C., Chang, R., Alappattu, D., Dimitrova, R., Flagg, D., Grachev, A., Krishnamurthy, R., Singh, D.\u00a0K., Lozovatsky, I., Nagare, B., Sharma, A., Wagh, S., Wainwright, C., Wroblewski, M., Yamaguchi, R., Bardoel, S., Coppersmith, R.\u00a0S., Chisholm, N., Gonzalez, E., Gunawardena, N., Hyde, O., Morrison, T., Olson, A., Perelet, A., Perrie, W., Wang, S., and Wauer, B.: C-FOG: Life of Coastal Fog, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E244\u2013E272, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.1, 2021.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.1"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Cederfelt, S.-I., Berg, O.\u00a0H., Swietlicki, E., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann F., Laj P., and Ricci L.: Droplet formation and growth in polluted fogs, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 71, 65\u201385, 1998."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu, Q. and Liou, K.\u00a0N.: Parameterization of the Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008\u20132025, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)0502.0.CO;2, 1993.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)0502.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., and Mariotti, M.: Radiation fog liquid water acidity at a field station in the Po Valley, J. Aerosol Sci., 14, 135\u2013138, 10.1016\/0021-8502(83)90037-X, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(83)90037-X"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Orsi, G., Lind, J.\u00a0A., Wobrock, W., Kessel, M., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Enderle, K.\u00a0H., Arends, B.\u00a0G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Pahl, S., Kaminski, U., Winkler, P., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Noone, K.\u00a0J., Hallberg, A., Fierlinger-Oberlinninger, H., Puxbaum, H., Marzorati, A., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Svenningsson, I.\u00a0B., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Schell, D., and Georgii, H.\u00a0W.: The Po\u00a0Valley Fog Experiment\u00a01989, Tellus\u00a0B, 44, 448\u2013468, 10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00002.x, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00002.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, F. and Han, L.: Implementing the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm with adaptive parameters, Comput. Optimiz. Appl., 51, 259\u2013277, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-010-9329-3"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gerber, H.\u00a0E.: Microstructure of a Radiation Fog, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 454\u2013458, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)0382.0.CO;2, 1981.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)0382.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghude, S.\u00a0D., Jenamani, R.\u00a0K., Kulkarni, R., Wagh, S., Dhangar, N.\u00a0G., Parde, A.\u00a0N., Acharja, P., Lonkar, P., Govardhan, G., Yadav, P., Vispute, A., Debnath, S., Lal, D.\u00a0M., Bisht, D.\u00a0S., Jena, C., Pawar, P.\u00a0V., Dhankhar, S.\u00a0S., Sinha, V., Chate, D.\u00a0M., Safai, P.\u00a0D., Nigam, N., Konwar, M., Hazra, A., Dharmaraj, T., Gopalkrishnan, V., Padmakumari, B., Gultepe, I., Biswas, M., Karipot, A.\u00a0K., Prabhakaran, T., Nanjundiah, R.\u00a0S., and Rajeevan, M.: WiFEX: Walk into the Warm Fog over Indo-Gangetic Plain Region, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 104, E980\u2013E1005, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0197.1, 2023.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0197.1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Giulianelli, L., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., Pollini, F., Lanconelli, C., Poluzzi, V., Carbone, S., Hillamo, R., Russell, L. M., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: Fog scavenging of organic and inorganic aerosol in the Po\u00a0Valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6967\u20136981, 10.5194\/acp-14-6967-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6967-2014"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Sandrini, S., Costabile, F., Gobbi, G.\u00a0P., Pietrogrande, M.\u00a0C., Visentin, M., Scotto, F., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M.\u00a0C.: Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10013\u201310018, 10.1073\/pnas.1602212113, 2016.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602212113"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilardoni, S., Tarozzi, L., Sandrini, S., Ielpo, P., Contini, D., Putaud, J.-P., Cavalli, F., Poluzzi, V., Bacco, D., Leonardi, C., Genga, A., Langone, L., and Fuzzi, S.: Reconstructing elemental carbon long-term trend in the Po\u00a0Valley (Italy) from fog water samples, Atmosphere, 11, 580, 10.3390\/atmos11060580, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11060580"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giulianelli, L., Gilardoni, S., Tarozzi, L., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Facchini, M., and Fuzzi, S.: Fog occurrence and chemical composition in the Po\u00a0Valley over the last twenty years, Atmos. Environ., 98, 394\u2013401, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.08.080, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.08.080"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glantz, P., Fawole, O.\u00a0G., Str\u00f6m, J., Wild, M., and Noone, K.\u00a0J.: Unmasking the Effects of Aerosols on Greenhouse Warming Over Europe, J.f Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035889, 10.1029\/2021JD035889, 2022.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035889"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S.\u00a0C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., M\u00fcller, M.\u00a0D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth G., and Cober S.\u00a0G.: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives, Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 1121\u20131159, 10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calvert, C., Gurka, J., Heymsfield, A.\u00a0J., Liu, P. S.\u00a0K., Zhou, B., Ware, R., Ferrier, B., Milbrandt, J., and Bernstein, B.: Ice Fog in Arctic During FRAM\u2013Ice Fog Project: Aviation and Nowcasting Applications, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 211\u2013226, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1, 2014.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guyot, G., Gourbeyre, C., Febvre, G., Shcherbakov, V., Burnet, F., Dupont, J.-C., Sellegri, K., and Jourdan, O.: Quantitative evaluation of seven optical sensors for cloud microphysical measurements at the Puy-de-D\u00f4me Observatory, France, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4347\u20134367, 10.5194\/amt-8-4347-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4347-2015"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Gysel, M. and Stratmann, F.: Homepage, https:\/\/actris-ecac.eu\/ccn-nc.html (last access: 20\u00a0December\u00a02024), 2024.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Bergot, T., Elias, T., Tardif, R., Carrer, D., Chazette, P., Colomb, M., Drobinski, P., Dupont, E., Dupont, J.-C., Gomes, L., Musson-Genon, L., Pietras, C., Plana-Fattori, A., Protat, A., Rangognio, J., Raut, J.-C., R\u00e9my, S., Richard, D., Sciare, J., and Zhang, X.: Parisfog: Shedding new Light on Fog Physical Processes, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 767\u2013783, 10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., Boyouk, N., Baumgardner, D., Gomes, L., Roberts, G., and Elias, T.: A comparative study of radiation fog and quasi-fog formation processes during the ParisFog field experiment\u00a02007, Pure Appl. Geophys., 170, 2283\u20132303, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0672-z"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Sogacheva, L., Dal\u00a0Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 355\u2013376, 10.5194\/acp-7-355-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-355-2007"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton, W.\u00a0J. and Seely, M.\u00a0K.: Fog basking by the Namib Desert beetle, Onymacris unguicularis, Nature, 262, 284\u2013285, 1976.","DOI":"10.1038\/262284a0"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Gysel, M., Roberts, G. C., Elias, T., Hofer, J., Hoyle, C. R., Bukowiecki, N., Dupont, J.-C., Burnet, F., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Size-dependent particle activation properties in fog during the ParisFog\u00a02012\/13 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10517\u201310533, 10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Orsini, D., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F., Frank, G., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Schell, D., Fuzzi, S., and Orsi G.: Characteristics of haze, mist and fog, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 71, 21\u201331, 1998."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Th\u00e9paut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from\u00a01940 to present, CDS [data set], 10.24381\/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.","DOI":"10.24381\/cds.bd0915c6","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hudson, J.\u00a0G.: Relationship Between Fog Condensation Nuclei and Fog Microstructure, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 1854 \u2013 1867, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)0372.0.CO;2, 1980.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)0372.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., DeCarlo, P.\u00a0F., Kammermann, L., and Baltensperger, U.: Measured and modelled cloud condensation nuclei number concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7891\u20137906, 10.5194\/acp-10-7891-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7891-2010"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karlsson, L., Baccarini, A., Duplessis, P., Baumgardner, D., Brooks, I.\u00a0M., Chang, R. Y.-W., Dada, L., D\u00e4llenbach, K.\u00a0R., Heikkinen, L., Krejci, R., Leaitch, W.\u00a0R., Leck, C., Partridge, D.\u00a0G., Salter, M.\u00a0E., Wernli, H., Wheeler, M.\u00a0J., Schmale, J., and Zieger, P.: Physical and Chemical Properties of Cloud Droplet Residuals and Aerosol Particles During the Arctic Ocean 2018\u00a0Expedition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036383, 10.1029\/2021JD036383, 2022.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036383"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kasten, F.: Visibility forecast in the phase of pre-condensation, Tellus, 21, 631\u2013635, 10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00469.x, 1969.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00469.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klemm, O. and Lin, N.-H.: What Causes Observed Fog Trends: Air Quality or Climate Change?, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 1131\u20131142, 10.4209\/aaqr.2015.05.0353, 2016.","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.05.0353"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klemm, O., Wang, S.-H., Lin, P.-H., and Lin, N.-H.: Visibility Reduction in Fog: The Role of Activation, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 25, 54, 10.1007\/s44408-025-00055-5, 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44408-025-00055-5"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, Trans. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152\u20131161, 10.1039\/TF9363201152, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Koschmieder, H.: Theorie der horizontalen sichtweite, Beitrage zur Physik der Freien Atmosphare, Meteorol.\u00a0Z., 12, 3353\u20133353, 1924."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kunkel, B.\u00a0A.: Parameterization of Droplet Terminal Velocity and Extinction Coefficient in Fog Models, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 23, 34\u201341, 10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)0232.0.CO;2, 1984.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)0232.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakra, K. and Avishek, K.: A review on factors influencing fog formation, classification, forecasting, detection and impacts, Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 33, 319\u2013353, 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01060-1"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lampilahti, J., Manninen, H \u00a0E., Nieminen, T., Mirme, S., Ehn, M., Pullinen, I., Leino, K., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., J\u00e4rvinen, E., V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen, R., Yli-Juuti, T., Krejci, R., Lehtipalo, K., Levula, J., Mirme, A., Decesari, S., Tillmann, R., Worsnop, D. R., Rohrer, F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Mentel, T. F., and Kulmala, M.: Zeppelin-led study on the onset of new particle formation in the planetary boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12649\u201312663, 10.5194\/acp-21-12649-2021, 2021.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-12649-2021"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh, R.\u00a0J., Drake, L., and Thampapillai, D.\u00a0J.: An Economic Analysis of Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts with Special Reference to Sydney Airport, J. Trans. Econ. Policy, 32, 377\u2013392, 1998.","DOI":"10.3828\/jtep.1998.32.3.377"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Yang, J., Niu, S., and Li, Z.: On the evolution and structure of a radiation fog event in Nanjing, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 223\u2013237, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Li, Z., Yan, W., and Li, Y.: Advances in fog microphysics research in China, Asia-Pacif. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 131\u2013148, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Shen, X., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Qi, B., Ma, Q., Han, L., Xu, H., Hu, X., Lu, J., Liu, S., Yu, A., Liang, L., Gao, Q., Wang, H., Che, H., and Zhang, X.: Characterization of fog microphysics and their relationships with visibility at a mountain site in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3253\u20133267, 10.5194\/acp-25-3253-2025, 2025.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-3253-2025"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Liu, Y., Niu, S., Zhao, L., Yu, H., and Cheng, M.: Examination of microphysical relationships and corresponding microphysical processes in warm fogs, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 27, 832\u2013848, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-013-0610-0"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maalick, Z., K\u00fchn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmos. Environ. 133, 26\u201333, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maier, F., Bendix, J., and Thies, B.: Development and application of a method for the objective differentiation of fog life cycle phases, Tellus\u00a0B, 65, 19971, 10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.19971, 2013.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.19971"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manara, V., Brunetti, M., Gilardoni, S., Landi, T.\u00a0C., and Maugeri, M.: 1951\u20132017 changes in the frequency of days with visibility higher than 10 km and 20 km in Italy, Atmos. Environ., 214, 116861, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116861, 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116861"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mattsson, F., Neuberger, A., Heikkinen, L., Gramlich, Y., Paglione, M., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Zieger, P., Riipinen, I., and Mohr, C.: Enrichment of organic nitrogen in fog residuals observed in the Italian Po\u00a0Valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7973\u20137989, 10.5194\/acp-25-7973-2025, 2025a.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-7973-2025"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mattsson, F., Neuberger, A., Heikkinen, L., Zieger, P., and Mohr, C.: Aerosol chemical composition measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-spams-1, 2025b.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-spams-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., Denjean, C., Roberts, G. C., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., and Elias, T.: Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics, Atmos.Chem. Phys., 19, 4323\u20134344, 10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., and Denjean, C.: Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11305\u201311321, 10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mitchell, D., Henschel, J.\u00a0R., Hetem, R.\u00a0S., Wassenaar, T.\u00a0D., Strauss, W.\u00a0M., Hanrahan, S.\u00a0A., and Seely, M.\u00a0K.: Fog and fauna of the Namib Desert: past and future, Ecosphere, 11, e02996, 10.1002\/ecs2.2996, 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2996"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W.\u00a0W.: Modeling Supersaturation and Subgrid-Scale Mixing with Two-Moment Bulk Warm Microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 792\u2013812, 10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Mattsson, F., and Zieger, P.: Aerosol particle number size distribution measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-dmps1-1, 2024a.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-dmps1-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Mattsson, F., and Zieger, P.: Equivalent black carbon concentration measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-maap2-1, 2024b.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-maap2-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Decesari, S., Aktypis, A., Andersen, H., Baumgardner, D., Bianchi, F., Busetto, M., Cai, J., Cermak, J., Dipu, S., Ekman, A., Fuzzi, S., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S.\u00a0L., Heikkinen, L., Joutsensaari, J., Kaltsonoudis, C., Kangasluoma, J., Krejci, R., Lupi, A., Marinoni, A., Matrali, A., Mattsson, F., Mohr, C., Nenes, A., Paglione, M., Pandis, S.\u00a0N., Patel, A., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., Steimer, S.\u00a0S., Stolzenburg, D., Sulo, J., Vasilakopoulou, C.\u00a0N., and Zieger, P.: From Molecules to Droplets: The Fog and Aerosol Interaction Research Italy\u00a0(FAIRARI) 2021\/22\u00a0Campaign, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 106, E23\u2013E50, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-23-0166.1, 2025.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-23-0166.1"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Haberstock, L., Ranjan, R., Riipinen, I., and Zieger, P.: The fog and aerosol size distribution measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-droplet-size-1, 2026a.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-droplet-size-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Riipinen, I., and Zieger, P.: Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-ccn-concentrations-1, 2026b.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-ccn-concentrations-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhao, L., L\u00fc, J., and Yang, J.: Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: A case study, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1259\u20131275, 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noone, K.\u00a0J., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Strom, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Arends, B.\u00a0G., and Berner A.: Changes in aerosol size- and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog, Tellus\u00a0B, 44, 489\u2013504, 10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563, 1992.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ogren, J., Noone, K., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Schell, D., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Arends, B.\u00a0G., and Wobrock, W.: Measurements of the size dependence of the concentration of nonvolatile material in fog droplets, Tellus\u00a0B, 44, 570\u2013580, 10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15569, 1992.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15569"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oliphant, A.\u00a0J., Baguskas, S.\u00a0A., and Fernandez, D.\u00a0M.: Impacts of low cloud and fog on surface radiation fluxes for ecosystems in coastal California, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 144, 239\u2013252, 10.1007\/s00704-021-03518-y, 2021.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-021-03518-y"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Onasch, T., Trimborn, A., Fortner, E., Jayne, J., Kok, G., Williams, L., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D.: Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: Development, Validation, and Initial Application, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 804\u2013817, 10.1080\/02786826.2012.663948, 2012.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.663948"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paglione, M., Gilardoni, S., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Zanca, N., Sandrini, S., Giulianelli, L., Bacco, D., Ferrari, S., Poluzzi, V., Scotto, F., Trentini, A., Poulain, L., Herrmann, H., Wiedensohler, A., Canonaco, F., Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., Massoli, P., Carbone, C., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1233\u20131254, 10.5194\/acp-20-1233-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-1233-2020"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paglione, M., Rinaldi, M., Busetto, M., Decesari, S., and Marinoni, A.: Interstitial equivalent black carbon concentration measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0valley, Italy, February\u2013May\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-ebc-pm25-1, 2026a.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-ebc-pm25-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paglione, M., Decesari, S., Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Riipinen, I., and Zieger, P.: Meteorological parameters measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022. Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-meteorological-1, 2026b.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-meteorological-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paglione, M., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., and Mansour, K.: Air liquid water Content\u00a0(LWC) during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0valley, Italy, February\u2013April\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-lwc-1, 2026c.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-lwc-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., and King, P.: Analysis and Modeling of an Extremely Dense Fog Event in Southern Ontario, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 3\u201316, 10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)0432.0.CO;2, 2004.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)0432.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel, A. and Rastogi, N.: Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Atmos. Environ., 175, 127\u2013134, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.12.004, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.12.004"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, 10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petzold, A. and Sch\u00f6nlinner, M.: Multi-angle absorption photometry \u2013 a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 421\u2013441, 10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2003.09.005, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2003.09.005"},{"key":"ref89","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Kramer, H., and Sch\u00f6nlinner, M.: Continuous Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Using a Multi-angle Absorption Photometer, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 4, 78\u201382, 2002."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinnick, R.\u00a0G., Hoihjelle, D.\u00a0L., Fernandez, G., Stenmark, E.\u00a0B., Lindberg, J.\u00a0D., Hoidale, G.\u00a0B., and Jennings, S.\u00a0G.: Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Haze and Its Effects on Visible and Infrared Extinction, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2020\u20132032, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)0352.0.CO;2, 1978.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)0352.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, J.\u00a0D., Lane, S., Boutle, I.\u00a0A., Smith, D. K.\u00a0E., Bergot, T., Lac, C., Duconge, L., McGregor, J., Kerr-Munslow, A., Pickering, M., and Clark, R.: LANFEX: A Field and Modeling Study to Improve Our Understanding and Forecasting of Radiation Fog, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 2061\u20132077, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1, 2018.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quan, J., Zhang, Q., He, H., Liu, J., Huang, M., and Jin, H.: Analysis of the formation of fog and haze in North China Plain\u00a0(NCP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8205\u20138214, 10.5194\/acp-11-8205-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8205-2011"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P., Kiehl, J., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols, climate and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119\u20132124, 2001.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ranjan, R., Dewey, M., Heikkinen, L., Ahonen, L. R., Luoma, K., Bowen, P., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Ekman, A. M. L., Partridge, D. G., and Riipinen, I.: Optimizing CCN predictions through inferred modal aerosol composition \u2013 a boreal forest case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17275\u201317300, 10.5194\/acp-25-17275-2025, 2025.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-17275-2025"},{"key":"ref95","unstructured":"Ricci, L., Fuzzi, S., Laj, P., Lazzari, A., Orsi, G., Berner, A., G\u00fcnther, A., Jaeschke, W., Wendisch, M., and Arends, B.: Gas-liquid equilibria in polluted fog, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 71, 159\u2013170, 1998."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., and Decesari, S.: Interstitial aerosol chemical composition measured by HR-TOF-AMS during the FAIRARI campaign, Po\u00a0Valley, Italy, Feb.\u2013May\u00a02022, Dataset version\u00a01m Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-chemical-pm25-1, 2026.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-chemical-pm25-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Mikhailov, E., Frank, G. P., Dusek, U., Andreae, M. O., and P\u00f6schl, U.: Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter\u00a0(DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1153\u20131179, 10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savre, J., Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., and Svensson, G.: Technical note: Introduction to MIMICA, a large-eddy simulation solver for cloudy planetary boundary layers, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 630\u2013649, 10.1002\/2013MS000292, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013MS000292"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scotto, F., Bacco, D., Lasagni, S., Trentini, A., Poluzzi, V., and Vecchi, R.: A multi-year source apportionment of PM2.5 at multiple sites in the southern Po Valley (Italy), Atmos. Pollut. Res., 12, 101192, 10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101192, 2021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101192"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seely, M.\u00a0K. and Hamilton, W.\u00a0J.: Fog catchment sand trenches constructed by tenebrionid beetles, Lepidochora, from the Namib Desert, Science, 193, 484\u2013486, 1976.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4252.484"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.\u00a0D.: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part\u00a01: Model description, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45\u201366, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-005-0112-4"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shankar, A. and Sahana, B.\u00a0C.: Early warning of low visibility using the ensembling of machine learning approaches for aviation services at Jay Prakash Narayan International\u00a0(JPNI) Airport Patna, SN Appl. Sci., 5, 132, 10.1007\/s42452-023-05350-7, 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-023-05350-7"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen, C., Zhao, C., Ma, N., Tao, J., Zhao, G., Yu, Y., and Kuang, Y.: Method to Estimate Water Vapor Supersaturation in the Ambient Activation Process Using Aerosol and Droplet Measurement Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10606\u201310619, 10.1029\/2018JD028315, 2018.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028315"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sp\u00e4nkuch, D., Hellmuth, O., and G\u00f6rsdorf, U.: What Is a Cloud? Toward a More Precise Definition, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, E1894\u2013E1929, 10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0032.1, 2022.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0032.1"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spiegel, J., Zieger, P., Bukowiecki, N., Hammer, E., Weingartner, E., and Eugster, W.: Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer\u00a0(FM-100), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237\u20132260, 10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steeneveld, G.\u00a0J., Ronda, R.\u00a0J., and Holtslag, A. A.\u00a0M.: The Challenge of Forecasting the Onset and Development of Radiation Fog Using Mesoscale Atmospheric Models, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 154, 265\u2013289, 10.1007\/s10546-014-9973-8, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-014-9973-8"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stokes, R.\u00a0H. and Robinson, R.\u00a0A.: Interactions in Aqueous Nonelectrolyte Solutions. I. Solute-Solvent Equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 2126\u20132131, 10.1021\/j100879a010, 1966.","DOI":"10.1021\/j100879a010"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmos. Res., 151, 146\u2013161, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Sueper, D.: ToF-AMS Data Analysis Software Webpage, http:\/\/cires1.colorado.edu\/jimenez-group\/wiki\/index.php\/ToF-AMS_Analysis_Software (last access: 8\u00a0February\u00a02024), 2024.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I.\u00a0B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Noone, K.\u00a0J., and Hallberg, A.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po\u00a0Valley, Tellus\u00a0B, 44, 556\u2013569, 10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00009.x, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00009.x"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tardif, R. and Rasmussen, R.\u00a0M.: Event-Based Climatology and Typology of Fog in the New York City Region, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 46, 1141\u20131168, 10.1175\/JAM2516.1, 2007.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2516.1"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251\u20131256, 10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vautard, R., Yiou, P., and van\u00a0Oldenborgh, G.\u00a0J.: Decline of fog, mist and haze in Europe over the past 30\u00a0years, Nat. Geosci., 2, 115\u2013119, 10.1038\/ngeo414, 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo414"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von\u00a0der Weiden, S.-L., Drewnick, F., and Borrmann, S.: Particle Loss Calculator \u2013 a new software tool for the assessment of the performance of aerosol inlet systems, Atmos.Meas. Tech., 2, 479\u2013494, 10.5194\/amt-2-479-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-479-2009"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yamaguchi, R.\u00a0T., Kalogiros, J.\u00a0A., Daniels, Z., Alappattu, D.\u00a0P., Jonsson, H., Alvarenga, O., Olson, A., Wauer, B.\u00a0J., Ortiz-Suslow, D.\u00a0G., and Fernando, H.\u00a0J.: Microphysics and optical attenuation in fog: observations from two coastal sites, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 181, 267\u2013292, 10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5, 2021a.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Niu, S., Lu, C., Lv, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Shao, N., Sun, W., Jin, Y., and Song, Q.: Observational study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the winter radiation fog in the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, China, Sci. China Earth Sci., 64, 1982\u20131995, 10.1007\/s11430-020-9766-4, 2021b.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-020-9766-4"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., and Baltensperger, U.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900170"},{"key":"ref118","unstructured":"Wendisch, M., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Kos, G., and Berner, A.: Drop size distribution and LWC in Po\u00a0Valley fog, Atmos. Phys., 71, 87\u2013100, , 1998."},{"key":"ref119","unstructured":"WMO\/GAW: WMO\/GAW Aerosol Measurement Procedures, Guidelines and Recommendations, Report No. 227, 2nd\u00a0Edn., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-92-63-11177-7, https:\/\/www.wmo-gaw-sag-aerosol.org\/files\/FINAL_GAW_227.pdf (last access 23 June 2026), 2016.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, S., Zhu, B., Huang, Y., Zhu, J., Kang, H., Lu, C., and Zhu, T.: To what extents do urbanization and air pollution affect fog?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5559\u20135572, 10.5194\/acp-20-5559-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5559-2020"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, S., Zhu, B., Zhu, T., Shi, C., Liu, D., Kang, H., Lu, W., and Lu, C.: The Effect of Aerosols on Fog Lifetime: Observational Evidence and Model Simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL61803, 10.1029\/2020GL091156, 2021.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091156"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Niu, S., Zhang, Y., and Xu, F.: Microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the east coast of Leizhou Peninsula, China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1154\u20131172, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zieger, P.: SU-air\/publication-FAIRARI-Neuberger2026: Routines used in Neuberger et al. (2026) (Version Version_1.1), Zenodo [software], 10.5281\/zenodo.21967941, 2026.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.21967941","type":"software"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Effects of relative humidity on aerosol light scattering: results from different European sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10609\u201310631, 10.5194\/acp-13-10609-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-10609-2013"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Poulain, L., M\u00fcller, T., Birmili, W., Spindler, G., Wiedensohler, A., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Influence of water uptake on the aerosol particle light scattering coefficients of the Central European aerosol, Tellus\u00a0B, 66, 22716, 10.3402\/tellusb.v66.22716, 2014.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v66.22716"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/26\/11991\/2026\/acp-26-11991-2026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:52:10Z","timestamp":1789210330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/26\/11991\/2026\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-26-11991-2026","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-spams-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-dmps1-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-maap2-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-meteorological-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-droplet-size-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-ccn-concentrations-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les1-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-ebc-pm25-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-lwc-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-chemical-pm25-1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.21967941","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}