{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:46:52Z","timestamp":1791726412963,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Meas. Tech."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Advances in air pollution sensor technology have enabled the development of small and low-cost systems to measure outdoor air pollution. The deployment of a large number of sensors across a small geographic area would have potential benefits to supplement traditional monitoring networks with additional geographic and temporal measurement resolution, if the data quality were sufficient. To understand the capability of emerging air sensor technology, the Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project deployed low-cost, continuous, and commercially available air pollution sensors at a regulatory air monitoring site and as a local sensor network over a surrounding \u2009\u223c\u20092\u202fkm area in the southeastern United States. Collocation of sensors measuring oxides of nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particles revealed highly variable performance, both in terms of comparison to a reference monitor as well as the degree to which multiple identical sensors produced the same signal. Multiple ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide sensors revealed low to very high correlation with a reference monitor, with Pearson sample correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.39 to 0.97, \u22120.25 to 0.76, and \u22120.40 to 0.82, respectively. The only sulfur dioxide sensor tested revealed no correlation (r\u202f&lt;\u202f0.5) with a reference monitor and erroneously high concentration values. A wide variety of particulate matter\u00a0(PM) sensors were tested with variable results \u2013 some sensors had very high agreement (e.g., r\u2009=\u2009\u202f0.99) between identical sensors but moderate agreement with a reference PM2.5 monitor (e.g., r\u2009=\u2009\u202f0.65). For select sensors that had moderate to strong correlation with reference monitors (r\u202f&gt;\u202f0.5), step-wise multiple linear regression was performed to determine if ambient temperature, relative humidity\u00a0(RH), or age of the sensor in number of sampling days could be used in a correction algorithm to improve the agreement. Maximum improvement in agreement with a reference, incorporating all factors, was observed for an NO2 sensor (multiple correlation coefficient R2adj-orig\u2009=\u20090.57, R2adj-final\u2009=\u20090.81); however, other sensors showed no apparent improvement in agreement. A four-node sensor network was successfully able to capture ozone (two nodes) and PM (four nodes) data for an 8-month period of time and show expected diurnal concentration patterns, as well as potential ozone titration due to nearby traffic emissions. Overall, this study demonstrates the performance of emerging air quality sensor technologies in a real-world setting; the variable agreement between sensors and reference monitors indicates that in situ testing of sensors against benchmark monitors should be a critical aspect of all field studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5281-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T04:17:35Z","timestamp":1477973855000},"page":"5281-5292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":394,"title":["Community Air Sensor Network (CAIRSENSE) project: evaluation of low-cost\nsensor performance in a suburban environment in the southeastern United\nStates"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Hagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Judge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motria","family":"Caudill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Rickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Zimmer-Dauphinee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckerman, B., Jerrett, M., Brook, J. R., Verma, D. K., Arain, M. A., and Finkelstein, M. M.: Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants near a major expressway, Atmos. Environ., 42, 275\u2013290, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"EPA: CAIRSENSE project data sets, available at: https:\/\/edg.epa.gov\/, last access: 21 October 2016."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M. L., Cao, J. J., and Seto, E.: A distributed network of low-cost continuous reading sensors to measure spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 in Xi'an, China, Environ. Pollut., 199, 56\u201365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.013, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.013"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Hall, E. S., Kaushik, S. M., Vanderpool, R. W., Duvall, R. M., Beaver, M. R., Long, R. W., and Solomon, P. A.: Integrating Sensor Monitoring Technology into the Current Air Pollution Regulatory Support Paradigm: Practical Considerations, American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 4, 147\u2013154, 2014."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimann, I., Bright, V. B., McLeod, M. W., Mead, M. I., Popoola, O. A. M., Stewart, G. B., and Jones, R. L.: Source attribution of air pollution by spatial scale separation using high spatial density networks of low cost air quality sensors, Atmos. Environ., 113, 10\u201319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.057, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.057"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holstius, D. M., Pillarisetti, A., Smith, K. R., and Seto, E.: Field calibrations of a low-cost aerosol sensor at a regulatory monitoring site in California, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1121\u20131131, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-7-1121-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1121-2014"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovasevic-Stojanovic, M., Bartonova, A., Topalovic, D., Lazovic, I., Pokric, B., and Ristovski, Z.: On the use of small and cheaper sensors and devices for indicative citizen-based monitoring of respirable particulate matter, Environ. Pollut., 206, 696\u2013704, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.035"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karner, A. A., Eisinger, D. S., and Niemeier, D. A.: Near-Roadway Air Quality: Synthesizing the Findings from Real-World Data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5334\u20135344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es100008x, 2010.","DOI":"10.1021\/es100008x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Martani, C., Biskos, G., Neophytou, M., Di Sabatino, S., Bell, M., Norford, L., and Britter, R.: The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities, Environ. Int., 75, 199\u2013205, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mead, M. I., Popoola, O. A. M., Stewart, G. B., Landshoff, P., Calleja, M., Hayes, M., Baldovi, J. J., McLeod, M. W., Hodgson, T. F., Dicks, J., Lewis, A., Cohen, J., Baron, R., Saffell, J. R., and Jones, R. L.: The use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density networks, Atmos. Environ., 70, 186\u2013203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moltchanov, S., Levy, I., Etzion, Y., Lerner, U., Broday, D. M., and Fishbain, B.: On the feasibility of measuring urban air pollution by wireless distributed sensor networks, Sci. Total Environ., 502, 537\u2013547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.059, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.059"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northcross, A. L., Edwards, R. J., Johnson, M. A., Wang, Z. M., Zhu, K. N., Allen, T., and Smith, K. R.: A low-cost particle counter as a realtime fine-particle mass monitor, Environ. Sci.-Process Impacts, 15, 433\u2013439, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2em30568b, 2013.","DOI":"10.1039\/C2EM30568B"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Page-Jacobs, L.: A Home Air Quality Monitor That Can Be Checked Out From The Library, available at: http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/\u00a0(last access: 25 January 2016), 2015."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paprotny, I., Doering, F., Solomon, P. A., White, R. M., and Gundel, L. A.: Microfabricated air-microfluidic sensor for personal monitoring of airborne particulate matter: Design, fabrication, and experimental results, Sensor Actuat. A-Phys., 201, 506\u2013516, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2012.12.026, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.12.026"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, E. G., Watkins, T. H., Solomon, P. A., Thoma, E. D., Williams, R. W., Hagler, G. S. W., Shelow, D., Hindin, D. A., Kilaru, V. J., and Preuss, P. W.: The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11369\u201311377, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4022602, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/es4022602"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinelle, L., Gerboles, M., Villani, M. G., Aleixandre, M., and Bonavitacola, F.: Field calibration of a cluster of low-cost available sensors for air quality monitoring. Part A: Ozone and nitrogen dioxide, Sensor Actuat. B-Chem., 215, 249\u2013257, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.031, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.031"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Williams, R., Long, R., Beaver, M., Kaufman, A., Zeiger, F., Heimbinder, M., Hang, I., Yap, R., Acharya, B., Ginwald, B., Kupcho, K., Robinson, S., Zaouak, O., Aubert, B., Hannigan, M., Piedrahita, R., Masson, N., Moran, B., Rook, M., Heppner, P., Cogar, C., Nikzad, N., and Griswold, W.: Sensor Evaluation Report, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA, 2014."}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/9\/5281\/2016\/amt-9-5281-2016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T02:52:17Z","timestamp":1738983137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/9\/5281\/2016\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-9-5281-2016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2016-131-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1867-8548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-8548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}}}