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Sci. Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions andtheir redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biospherein a changing climate \u2013 the \u201cglobal carbon budget\u201d \u2013 is important tobetter understand the global carbon cycle, support the development ofclimate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe andsynthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major componentsof the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement productiondata, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainlydeforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data andbookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directlyand its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes inconcentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrialCO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process modelsconstrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance(BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and theestimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is ameasure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carboncycle. All uncertainties are reported as \u00b11\u03c3. For the lastdecade available (2010\u20132019), EFOS was 9.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 when the cement carbonation sink is included), andELUC was 1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121. For the same decade, GATM was 5.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 (2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009ppm\u2009yr\u22121), SOCEAN 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009 0.6\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121, and SLAND 3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121, with a budgetimbalance BIM of \u22120.1\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 indicating a near balance betweenestimated sources and sinks over the last decade. For the year 2019 alone, thegrowth in EFOS was only about 0.1\u2009% with fossil emissions increasingto 9.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 when cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 (42.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3\u2009GtCO2). Also for 2019, GATM was5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 (2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009ppm\u2009yr\u22121), SOCEANwas 2.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121, and SLAND was 3.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121, with a BIM of 0.3\u2009GtC. The global atmospheric CO2concentration reached 409.85\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009ppm averaged over 2019. Preliminarydata for 2020, accounting for the COVID-19-induced changes in emissions,suggest a decrease in EFOS relative to 2019 of about \u22127\u2009% (medianestimate) based on individual estimates from four studies of \u22126\u2009%, \u22127\u2009%,\u22127\u2009% (\u22123\u2009% to \u221211\u2009%), and \u221213\u2009%. Overall, the mean and trend in thecomponents of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over theperiod 1959\u20132019, but discrepancies of up to 1\u2009GtC\u2009yr\u22121 persist for therepresentation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison ofestimates from diverse approaches and observations shows (1) no consensusin the mean and trend in land-use change emissions over the last decade, (2)a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude ofthe land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparentdiscrepancy between the different methods for the ocean sink outside thetropics, particularly in the Southern Ocean. This living data updatedocuments changes in the methods and data sets used in this new globalcarbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cyclecompared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al.,2019; Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9 et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014,2013). The data presented in this work are available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18160\/gcp-2020 (Friedlingstein et al., 2020).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3269-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T18:57:55Z","timestamp":1607626675000},"page":"3269-3340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1946,"title":["Global Carbon Budget 2020"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Friedlingstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbie M.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1696-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Are","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen P.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Pongratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep G.","family":"Canadell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Ciais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Alin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz E. 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