{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T20:59:06Z","timestamp":1776891546361,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. In spite of significant progress in the development of new devices for magnetic measurements, mathematical and computational technologies for data processing and means of communication, the quality of magnetic data accessible through the data centres (for example, World Data Centres or INTERMAGNET) still largely depends on the actual conditions in which observation of the Earth's magnetic field is performed at observatories. Processing of raw data of magnetic measurements by observatory staff plays an important role. It includes effective identification of noise and elimination of its influence on final data. In this paper, on the basis of the experience gained during long-term magnetic monitoring carried out at the observatories of IKIR FEB RAS (Russia) and CSIR-NGRI (India), we present a review of methods commonly encountered in actual practice for noise identification and the possibility of reducing noise influence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-6-329-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T07:11:35Z","timestamp":1505459495000},"page":"329-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Noise in raw data from magnetic observatories"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6231-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey Y.","family":"Khomutov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana V.","family":"Mandrikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Budilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kusumita","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingala","family":"Manjula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"3 component fluxgate magnetometer FRG-601G: Ver1.1. Operation manual, Tierra Tecnica Ltd, p. 9, 2002."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Auster, H. U., Mandea, M., Hemshorn, A., Korte, M., and Pulz, E.: GAUSS: Geomagnetic Automated System, Proceedings of the XII IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing, Belsk, 19\u201324\u00a0June\u00a02006, Publication of the Institute of Geophysics Pol, edited by: Reda, J., Acad. Sci., 398, 51\u201361, 2007."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daubechies, I.: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, SIAM, 377 pp., 1992.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970104"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denisov, A. Y., Denisova, O. V., Sapunov, V. A., and Khomutov, S. Y.: Measurement quality estimation of proton-precession magnetometers, Earth Planets Space, 58, 707\u2013710, 2006.","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03351971"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"dIdD v.7.0 Insrtuction Manual: GEM Systems, Canada, 50 pp., 2010."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"GSM-19 v7.0 Instruction Manual: GEM Systems, Canada, 149 pp., 2008."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Hegymegi, L., Csontos, A., and Merenyi, L.: Monitoring of long term mechanical stability of a suspended dIdD sensor applying optical observation, J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 2, 19\u201323, 2016."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"INTERMAGNET technical reference manual: Version 4.6, edited by: St Louis, B., 92 pp., available at: http:\/\/intermagnet.org\/publications\/intermag_4-6.pdf (last access: 7\u00a0February\u00a02017), 2012."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Jankowski, J. and Sucksdorff, C.: Guide for magnetic measurements and observatory practice, Warsaw, 235 pp., 1996."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Khomutov, S. Y.: Methodological and software approaches to processing of magnetic measurements at observatories of IKIR FEB RAS, Russia, J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 2, 54\u201361, 2016."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khomutov, S., Sapunov, V., Denisov, A., Savelyev, D., and Babakhanov, I.: Overhauser vector magnetometer POS-4: Results of continuous measurements during 2015\u20132016 at geophysical observatory \u201cParatunka\u201d of IKIR FEB RAS, Kamchatka, Russia, E3S Web Conf., 11, 1\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/20161100007, 2016.","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20161100007"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Linthe, H.-J., Reda, J., Isac, A., Matzka, J., and Turbitt, C. W.: Observatory Data Quality Control \u2013 the instrument to ensure valuable research, in: XVth IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments and Data Processing, Cadiz, Spain, 4\u201314 June 2012, 173\u2013177, 2012."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Lopez-de-Lacalle, J.: tsoutliers R Package for Detection of Outliers in Time Series, available at: https:\/\/jalobe.com\/doc\/tsoutliers.pdf (last access: 20\u00a0January\u00a02017), 2016."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"MAGDAS-A Installation Manual, SERC, Kyushu Univ., edited by: Maeda, G. N., 35 pp., 2005."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maule, C. F., Thejll, P., Neska, A., Matzka, J., Pedersen, L., and Nilsson, A.: Analyzing and correcting for contaminating magnetic fields at the Brorfelde geomagnetic observatory due to high voltage DC power lines, Earth Planets Space, 61, 1233\u20131241, 2009.","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352976"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Nechaev, S. A.: Manual for stationary geomagnetic observations, Publ. Institute of Geography Siberian Branch of RAS, Irkutsk, 140 pp., 2006 (in Russian)."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelapatla, P. C., Kumar Potharaju, S. V., Arora, K., Kasuba, C. S. R., Rakhlin, L., Tymoshyn, S., Merenyi, L., Chilukuri, A., Bulusu, J., and Khomutov, S.: One second vector and scalar magnetic measurements at low latitude observatory, CPL, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gi-2017-16, in review, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-2017-16"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neska, A., Reda, J., Neska, M., and Sumaruk, Y.: On the influence of DC railway noise on variation data from Belsk and Lviv geomagnetic observatories, Acta Geophys., 61, 385\u2013403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11600-012-0058-0, 2013.","DOI":"10.2478\/s11600-012-0058-0"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"POS-1: Processor Overhauser Sensor \u2013 Magnetometer, User Manual, Ural State Technical University, 21 pp., 2004."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santarelli, L., Palangio, P., and De Lauretis, M.: Electromagnetic background noise at L'Aquila Geomagnetic Observatory, Ann. Geophys.-Italy, 57, G0211, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4401\/ag-6299, 2014.","DOI":"10.4401\/ag-6299"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Sapunov, V. A., Denisov, A. Y., Saveliev, D. V., Soloviev, A. A., Khomutov, S. Y., Borodin, P. B., Narkhov, E. D., Sergeev, A. V., and Shirokov, A. N.: New vector\/scalar Overhauser DNP magnetometers POS-4 for magnetic observatories and directional oil drilling support Magnetic Resonance in Solids, Electron. J., 18, 16209, 2016."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":""},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhizhikina, E. A., Mandrikova, O. V., and Khomutov, S. Y.: Algorithm for detection of artificial disturbances in geomagnetic data, Bulletin of Kamchatka State Technical University, 35, 21\u201326, 2016 (in Russian).","DOI":"10.17217\/2079-0333-2016-35-21-26"}],"container-title":["Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gi.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/329\/2017\/gi-6-329-2017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T17:57:18Z","timestamp":1738951038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gi.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/329\/2017\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gi-6-329-2017","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gi-2017-10-AC2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2193-0864"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-0864","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]}}}