{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:56:07Z","timestamp":1772261767749,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.5\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. A soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model coupled with a macroscale distributed hydrological model was used in order to simulate the water cycle for a large region in Bulgaria. To do so, an atmospheric forcing was built for two hydrological years (1 October 1995 to 30 September 1997), at an eight km resolution. It was based on the data available at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) of Bulgaria. Atmospheric parameters were carefully checked and interpolated with a high level of detail in space and time (3-h step). Comparing computed Penman evapotranspiration versus observed pan evaporation validated the quality of the implemented forcing. The impact of the human activities on the rivers (especially hydropower or irrigation) was taken into account. Some improvements of the hydrometeorological model were made: for better simulation of summer riverflow, two additional reservoirs were added to simulate the slow component of the runoff. Those reservoirs were calibrated using the observed data of the 1st year, while the 2nd year was used for validation. 56 hydrologic stations and 12 dams were used for the model calibration while 41 rivergages were used for the validation of the model. The results compare well with the daily-observed discharges, with good results obtained over more than 25% of the rivergages. The simulated snow depth was compared to daily measurements at 174 stations and the evolution of the snow water equivalent was validated at 5 sites. The process of melting and refreezing of snow was found to be important on this region. The comparison of the normalized values of simulated versus measured soil moisture showed good correlation. The surface water budget shows large spatial variations due to the elevation influence on the precipitations, soil properties and vegetation variability. An inter annual difference was observed in the water cycle as the first year was more influenced by Mediterranean climate, while the second year was characterised by continental influence. Energy budget shows a dominating sensible heat component in summer, due to the fact that the water stress limits the evaporation. This study is a first step for the implementation of an operational hydrometeorological model that could be used for real time monitoring and forecast the water budget and the riverflow of Bulgaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-4-475-2007","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T09:06:50Z","timestamp":1272532010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling the water budget and the riverflows of the Maritsa basin in Bulgaria"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Artinyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Habets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Noilhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Le Moigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Antonov, Ch. and Danchev, D.: Underground waters in Popular Republic of Bulgaria. State Publishing House: Technika, Sofia 1980, 1980."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Artinian, E.: Mod\u00e9lisation hydrologique du bassin du Rh\u00f4ne. ENM, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, Rapport de mast\u00e8re, d\u00e9cembre 1996, Toulouse, 1996."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Benichou, P. and Le Breton, Od.: Prise en compte de la topographie pour la cartographie des champs pluviom\u00e9triques statistiques, in: La M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie, 7e s\u00e9rie, n 19, octobre 1987, 1987."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boone, A. and Etchevers, P.: An intercomparison of three snow schemes of varying complexity coupled to the same land surface model: local-scale evaluation at an alpine site, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4, 374&amp;ndash;394, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2001)002<0374:AIOTSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Champeaux, J.-L. and Legl\u00e9au, H.: Vegetation mapping over Europe using NOAA\/AVHRR, in: The 1995 meteorological satellite data user's conference, pages 139&amp;ndash;143, Winchester, UK, EUMETSAT, 1995."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Choisnel, E.: Estimation de l'\u00e9vapotranspiration potentielle \u00e1 partir des don\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, La M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie, 7, 19&amp;ndash;27, 1988."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Dimitrova, Yu.: Bulk density and changes depending on the moisture with different mechanical and humus soil composition, Soil science and agrochemistry, XXVI, 3&amp;ndash;4, Sofia, 1991."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Douville, H., Royer, J.-F., and Mahfouf, J.-F.: A new snow parameterisation for the M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France climate model. Part I: Validation in stand-alone experiments, Climate Dyn., 12, 21&amp;ndash;35, 1995."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\\\\^umenil, E. and Todini, L.: A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model, in: Advances in Theoretical Hydrology, a tribute to James Dooge, edited by: O'Kane, J. P., page 462, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89831-9.50016-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etchevers, P., Golaz, C., and Habets, F.: Simulation of the water budget and the riverflows of the Rhone basin from 1981 to 1994, J. Hydrol., 244, 60&amp;ndash;85, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00332-8"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golaz, C., Etchevers, P., Habets, F., Ledoux, E., and Noilhan, J.: Comparison of two hydrological simulations of the Rhone basin, Phys. Chem. Earth, 26(5&amp;ndash;6), 461&amp;ndash;466, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(01)00035-1"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Habets, F., Noilhan, J., Golaz, C., Goutorbe, J. P., Lacarr\u00e8re, P., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Martin, E., Ottl\u00e9, C., and Vidal-Madjar, D.: The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part I : model and data base, J. Hydrol., 217, 75&amp;ndash;96, 1999a."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Habets, F., Noilhan, J., Golaz, C., Goutorbe, J. P., Lacarr\u00e8re, P., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Martin, E., Ottl\u00e9, C., and Vidal-Madjar, D.: The ISBA surface scheme in a macroscale hydrological model applied to the Hapex-Mobilhy area. Part II: simulation of streamflows and annual water budget, J. Hydrol., 217, 75&amp;ndash;96, 1999b."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Hershkovich, E., Stephanov, I., Ganeva, B., et al.: Agro-climatical atlas of Bulgaria, Mean Direction of Hydrology and Meteorology &amp;ndash; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Institute of Cartography, Sofia, 1982."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hottel, H. C.: A Simple Model for Estimating the Transmittance of Direct Solar Radiation Through Clear Atmospheres, Solar Energy, 18, 129, 1976.","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(76)90045-1"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Kalinova, M.: Unconfined underground waters, in: Geography of Bulgaria &amp;ndash; Physical Geography, 1982: Natural Conditions and Resources, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 259, Sofia, 1982."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasten, F. and Czeplak, G.: Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud, Solar Energy, 24, 177&amp;ndash;189, 1979.","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(80)90391-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledoux, E., Girard, G., and Marsily, G.: Spatially distributed modelling: conceptual approach, coupling surface water and groundwater, in: Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modelling Theory and Practice, edited by: Morel-Seytoux, H. J., by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2352-2_16"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Machkova, M. and Dimitrov, D.: Book of reference for the quantitative characteristics of the underground waters for the period 1980&amp;ndash;1996, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Sofia, 1999."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Morel, S.: Mod\u00e9lisation distribu\u00e9e du bilan hydrique a l'\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale: application au bassin Adour Garonne, Doctoral Thesis, Toulouse 3 University, 2003."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: Riverflow forecasting through conceptual models, 1, a discution of principles, J. Hydrol., 10(3), 282&amp;ndash;290, 1970.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90255-6"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Ninov, N.: Soils in the mountain area in: Geography of Bulgaria &amp;ndash; Physical Geography, 1982: Natural Conditions and Resources, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 380&amp;ndash;388, Sofia, 1982."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noilhan, J. and Lacarr\u00e8re, P.: GCM gridscale evaporation from mesoscale modelling, J. Climate, 8(2), 206&amp;ndash;223, 1995.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<0206:GGSEFM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noilhan, J. and Planton, S.: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 536&amp;ndash;549, 1989.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1989)117<0536:ASPOLS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Richards, L. A. and Wadleigh, C. H.: Soil water and plant growth, in: Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth, edited by: Shaw, B. T., American Society of Agronomy Series Monographs Volume II, pp. 74&amp;ndash;251, Academic Press, New York, 1952."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousset, F., Habets, F., Gomez, E., Le Moigne, P., Morel, S., Noilhan, J., and Ledoux, E.: Hydrometeorological modeling of the Seine basin using the SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU system, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004403, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004403"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staley, D. and Jurica, G.: Effective atmospheric emissivity under clear skies, J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 349&amp;ndash;356, 1972.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1972)011<0349:EAEUCS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Troshanov, N.: Hidden discharge evaluation of the North Rhodopes karstic water to the Upper Thracian lowland, Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 22, 10&amp;ndash;27, Sofia, 1992."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Vekilska, B. and Kalinova, M.: Snow pack in the West Stara Planina Mountain and its impact on the riverflow, Problems of the Geography of P. R. of Bulgaria 5, Sofia, Nauka i Izkustvo, 1978."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Vekilska, B.: Radiation and heat budget in: Geography of Bulgaria &amp;ndash; Physical geography, Natural conditions and resources, 1982, pp 169&amp;ndash;171, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1982."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Yordanova, M.: Genesis and monthly partition of the riverflow in the East Rhodopy Mountain &amp;ndash; a result from the complex effect of the physical and geographical factors, Thesis, Geographical Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1978."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Zyapkov, L.: Water budget of the river basins, in: Geography of Bulgaria &amp;ndash; Physical Geography, 1982: Natural Conditions and Resources, p 327, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1982."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/preprints\/4\/475\/2007\/hessd-4-475-2007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1739665363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/articles\/12\/21\/2008\/hess-12-21-2008-discussion.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hessd-4-475-2007","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/hess-12-21-2008","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/hess-12-21-2008","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}