{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:17:19Z","timestamp":1791987439774,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ocean Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A simulation of the Turkish Straits\nSystem (TSS) using a high-resolution, three-dimensional, unstructured mesh\nocean circulation model with realistic atmospheric forcing for the 2008\u20132013\nperiod is presented. The depth of the pycnocline between the upper and lower\nlayers remains stationary after 6\u00a0years of integration, indicating that\ndespite the limitations of the modelling system, the simulation maintains its\nrealism. The solutions capture important responses to high-frequency\natmospheric events such as the reversal of the upper layer flow in the\nBosphorus due to southerly severe storms, i.e. blocking events, to the extent\nthat such storms are present in the forcing dataset. The annual average\ncirculations show two distinct patterns in the Sea of Marmara. When the wind\nstress maximum is localised in the central basin, the Bosphorus jet flows to\nthe south and turns west after reaching the Bozburun Peninsula. In contrast,\nwhen the wind stress maximum increases and expands in the north\u2013south\ndirection, the jet deviates to the west before reaching the southern coast\nand forms a cyclonic gyre in the central basin. In certain years, the mean\nkinetic energy in the northern Sea of Marmara is found to be comparable to\nthat of the Bosphorus inflow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/os-14-999-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T09:03:17Z","timestamp":1536656597000},"page":"999-1019","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Circulation of the Turkish Straits System under interannual atmospheric forcing"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1557-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Aydo\u011fdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4765-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Pinardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emin","family":"\u00d6zsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Danabasoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0646-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"G\u00fcrses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Karspeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpar, B., Do\u011fan, E., Y\u00fcce, H., and Alt\u0131ok, H.: Sea level changes along the Turkish coasts of the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean, Mediterr. Mar. Sci., 1, 141\u2013156, 2000.","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.285"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt\u0131ok, H., Sur, H.\u00a0\u0130., and Y\u00fcce, H.: Variation of the cold intermediate water in the Black Sea exit of the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and its transfer through the strait, Oceanologia, 54, 233\u2013254, 2012.","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.54-2.233"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aydogdu, A., Hoar, T. J., Vukicevic, T., Anderson, J. L., Pinardi, N., Karspeck, A., Hendricks, J., Collins, N., Macchia, F., and \u00d6zsoy, E.: OSSE for a sustainable marine observing network in the Sea of Marmara, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 25, 537\u2013551, 10.5194\/npg-25-537-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-25-537-2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.\u00a0T., Sur, H.\u00a0I., \u00d6zsoy, E., Latif, M.\u00a0A., O\u011fuz, T., and \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc.: The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 34, 285\u2013334, 1994.","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(94)90018-3"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Bogdanova, C.: Seasonal fluctuations in the inflow and distribution of the Mediterranean waters in the Black Sea, in: Basic Features of the Geological Structure, of the Hydrologic Regime and Biology of the Mediterranean Sea, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moskow., 131\u2013139, english translation 1969 Institute of Modem Languages, Washington DC, 1969."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Book, J.\u00a0W., Jarosz, E., Chiggiato, J., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: The oceanic response of the Turkish Straits System to an extreme drop in atmospheric pressure, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3629\u20133644, 10.1002\/2013JC009480, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009480"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fckay, M.: The surface and internal oscillations in the Bosphorus, related to meteorological forces, Master's thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, I\u00e7el, Turkey, 1989."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cessi, P., Pinardi, N., and Lyubartsev, V.: Energetics of Semienclosed Basins with Two-Layer Flows at the Strait, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 967\u2013979, 10.1175\/JPO-D-13-0129.1, 2014.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-13-0129.1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiggiato, J., Jarosz, E., Book, J.\u00a0W., Dykes, J., Torrisi, L., Poulain, P.\u00a0M., Gerin, R., Horstmann, J., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: Dynamics of the circulation in the Sea of Marmara: Numerical modeling experiments and observations from the Turkish straits system experiment, Ocean Dynam., 62, 139\u2013159, 10.1007\/s10236-011-0485-5, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-011-0485-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., and Lewy, H.: On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics, IBM J. Res. Dev., 11, 215\u2013234, 1967.","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.112.0215"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilov, S., Kivman, G., and Schr\u00f6ter, J.: A finite-element ocean model: principles and evaluation, Ocean Model., 6, 125\u2013150, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1463-5003(02)00063-X"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demyshev, S., Dovgaya, S., and Ivanov, V.: Numerical modeling of the influence of exchange through the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits on the hydrophysical fields of the Marmara Sea, Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 48, 418\u2013426, 2012.","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001433812040056"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorrell, R., Peakall, J., Sumner, E., Parsons, D., Darby, S., Wynn, R., \u00d6zsoy, E., and Tezcan, D.: Flow dynamics and mixing processes in hydraulic jump arrays: Implications for channel-lobe transition zones, Mar. Geol., 381, 181\u2013193, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2016.09.009"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falina, A., Sarafanov, A., \u00d6zsoy, E., and Utku\u00a0Turun\u00e7o\u011flu, U.: Observed basin-wide propagation of Mediterranean water in the Black Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 3141\u20133151, 10.1002\/2017JC012729, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012729"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Federico, I., Pinardi, N., Coppini, G., Oddo, P., Lecci, R., and Mossa, M.: Coastal ocean forecasting with an unstructured grid model in the southern Adriatic and northern Ionian seas, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 45\u201359, 10.5194\/nhess-17-45-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-17-45-2017"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrarin, C., Bellafiore, D., Sannino, G., Bajo, M., and Umgiesser, G.: Tidal dynamics in the inter-connected Mediterranean, Marmara, Black and Azov seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 161, 102\u2013115, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2018.02.006"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, R., Pain, C., Piggott, M., Goddard, A., De\u00a0Oliveira, C., and Umpleby, A.: A nonhydrostatic finite-element model for three-dimensional stratified oceanic flows. Part I: model formulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 2816\u20132831, 2004.","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR2824.1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gent, P.\u00a0R., Bryan, F.\u00a0O., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S.\u00a0C., Holland, W.\u00a0R., Large, W.\u00a0G., and McWilliams, J.\u00a0C.: The NCAR climate system model global ocean component, J. Climate, 11, 1287\u20131306, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1287:TNCSMG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gregg, M.\u00a0C. and \u00d6zsoy, E.: Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3016, 10.1029\/2000JC000485, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000485"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Gunnerson, C.\u00a0G. and Ozturgut, E.: The Bosporus, The Black Sea\u2013geology, chemistry and biology, AAPG Bull, 20, 99\u2013114, 1974."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Aydo\u011fdu, A., Pinardi, N., and \u00d6zsoy, E.: A finite element modeling study of the Turkish Straits System, in: The Sea of Marmara \u2013 Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservations and Governance, edited by: \u00d6zsoy E., \u00c7a\u01e7atay, M. N., Balkis, N., and \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, B., TUDAV Publication, 169\u2013184, 2016."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"H\u00fcsrevo\u011flu, S.: Modeling Of The Dardanelles Strait Lower-layer Flow Into The Marmara Sea, Master's thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, 1998."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Il\u0131cak, M., \u00d6zg\u00f6kmen, T.\u00a0M., \u00d6zsoy, E., and Fischer, P.\u00a0F.: Non-hydrostatic modeling of exchange flows across complex geometries, Ocean Model., 29, 159\u2013175, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2009.04.002"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarosz, E., Teague, W.\u00a0J., Book, J.\u00a0W., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: On flow variability in the Bosphorus Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08038, 10.1029\/2010JC006861, 2011a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006861"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarosz, E., Teague, W.\u00a0J., Book, J.\u00a0W., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: Observed volume fluxes in the Bosphorus Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, l21608, 10.1029\/2011GL049557, 2011b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049557"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarosz, E., Teague, W.\u00a0J., Book, J.\u00a0W., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: Observations on the characteristics of the exchange flow in the Dardanelles Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, c11012, 10.1029\/2012JC008348, 2012.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008348"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarosz, E., Teague, W.\u00a0J., Book, J.\u00a0W., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: Observed volume fluxes and mixing in the Dardanelles Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5007\u20135021, 10.1002\/jgrc.20396, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20396"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johns, B. and O\u011fuz, T.: The modelling of the flow of water through the Bosphorus, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 14, 229\u2013258, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0265(89)90063-8"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jord\u00e0, G., Von Schuckmann, K., Josey, S. A., Caniaux, G., Garc\u00eda-Lafuente, J., Sammartino, S., \u00d6zsoy, E., Polcher, J., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P.-M., Adloff, F., Salat, J., Naranjo, C., Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Sannino, G., and Mac\u00edas, D.: The Mediterranean Sea heat and mass budgets: estimates, uncertainties and perspectives, Prog. Oceanogr., 156, 174\u2013208, 10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.07.001, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.07.001"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanarska, Y. and Maderich, V.: Modelling of seasonal exchange flows through the Dardanelles Strait, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 79, 449\u2013458, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.04.019"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara, A.\u00a0B., Wallcraft, A.\u00a0J., Hurlburt, H.\u00a0E., and Stanev, E.: Air\u2013sea fluxes and river discharges in the Black Sea with a focus on the Danube and Bosphorus, J. Marine Syst., 74, 74\u201395, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2007.11.010"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maderich, V. and Konstantinov, S.: Seasonal dynamics of the system sea-strait: Black Sea\u2013Bosphorus case study, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 55, 183\u2013196, 2002.","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2001.0895"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maderich, V., Ilyin, Y., and Lemeshko, E.: Seasonal and interannual variability of the water exchange in the Turkish Straits System estimated by modelling, Mediterr. Mar. Sci., 16, 444\u2013459, 2015.","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.1103"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 5753\u20135766, 10.1029\/96JC02775, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC02775"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDougall, T.\u00a0J.: Neutral surfaces, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1950\u20131964, 1987.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1987)017<1950:NS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Moller, L.: Alfred Merz Hydrographiche unter Suchungen in Bosphorus and Dardanalten, Veroff. Insr. Meeresk, Berlin Uni., Neue Folge\u00a0A, 18, 1928."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oddo, P., Adani, M., Pinardi, N., Fratianni, C., Tonani, M., and Pettenuzzo, D.: A nested Atlantic-Mediterranean Sea general circulation model for operational forecasting, Ocean Sci., 5, 461\u2013473, 10.5194\/os-5-461-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/os-5-461-2009"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"O\u011fuz, T. and Sur, H.: A 2-layer model of water exchange through the Dardanelles strait, Oceanol. Acta, 12, 23\u201331, 1989."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u011fuz, T., \u00d6zsoy, E., Latif, M.\u00a0A., Sur, H.\u00a0I., and \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc.: Modeling of hydraulically controlled exchange flow in the Bosphorus Strait, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 945\u2013965, 1990.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1990)020<0945:MOHCEF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"\u00d6zsoy, E. and Alt\u0131ok, H.: A review of water fluxes across the Turkish Straits System, in: The Sea of Marmara \u2013 Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservations and Governance, edited by: \u00d6zsoy, E., \u00c7a\u01e7atay, M. N., Balkis, N., and \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, B., TUDAV Publication, 42\u201361, 2016."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zsoy, E. and \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc.: Oceanography of the Black Sea: A review of some recent results, Earth-Sci. Rev., 42, 231\u2013272, 10.1016\/S0012-8252(97)81859-4, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(97)81859-4"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"\u00d6zsoy, E., O\u011fuz, T., Latif, M., \u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc., Sur, H., and Be\u015fiktepe, \u015e.: Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Second annual report for the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Turkey, 1988."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"\u00d6zsoy, E., Latif, M.\u00a0A., Be\u015fiktepe, S., Cetin, N., Gregg, M.\u00a0C., Belokopytov, V., Goryachkin, Y., and Diaconu, V.: The Bosporus Strait: Exchange fluxes, currents and sea-level changes, NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security, 47, 1\u201328, 1998."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zsoy, E., Di\u00a0Iorio, D., Gregg, M.\u00a0C., and Backhaus, J.\u00a0O.: Mixing in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea continental shelf: observations and a model of the dense water outflow, J. Marine Syst., 31, 99\u2013135, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(01)00049-5"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M., Ayat, B., Aydo\u011fan, B., and Y\u00fcksel, Y.: 3D Numerical Modeling of Stratified Flows: Case Study of the Bosphorus Strait, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 138, 406\u2013419, 10.1061\/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000132, 2012.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000132"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacanowski, R. and Philander, S.: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443\u20131451, 1981.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<1443:POVMIN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peneva, E., Stanev, E., Belokopytov, V., and Le\u00a0Traon, P.-Y.: Water transport in the Bosphorus Straits estimated from hydro-meteorological and altimeter data: seasonal to decadal variability, J. Marine Syst., 31, 21\u201333, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(01)00044-6"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sannino, G., S\u00f6zer, A., and \u00d6zsoy, E.: A high-resolution modelling study of the Turkish Straits System, Ocean Dynam., 67, 397\u2013432, 10.1007\/s10236-017-1039-2, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-017-1039-2"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schroeder, K., Garc\u00eca-Lafuente, J., Josey, S. A., Artale, V., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Carrillo, A., Ga\u010di\u0107, M., Gasparini, G. P., Herrmann, M., Lionello, P., Ludwig, W., Millot, C., \u00d6zsoy, E., Pisacane, G., S\u00e1nchez-Garrido, J. C., Sannino, G., Santoleri, R., Somot, S., Struglia, M., Stanev, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Tsimplis, M. N., Vargas-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Zervakis, V., and Zodiatis, G.: Circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and its variability, in: The Climate of the Mediterranean Region \u2013 From the past to the future, edited by: Lionello, P., Elsevier, p.\u00a0592, 10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00003-3, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00003-3"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00f6zer, A. and \u00d6zsoy, E.: Modeling of the Bosphorus exchange flow dynamics, Ocean Dynam., 67, 1\u201323, 10.1007\/s10236-016-1026-z, 2017a.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-016-1026-z"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6zer, A. and \u00d6zsoy, E.: Water Exchange through Canal \u0130stanbul and Bosphorus Strait, Mediterr. Mar. Sci., 18, 77\u201386, 2017b.","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.1877"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanev, E.\u00a0V., Grashorn, S., and Zhang, Y.\u00a0J.: Cascading ocean basins: numerical simulations of the circulation and interbasin exchange in the Azov-Black-Marmara-Mediterranean Seas system, Ocean Dynam., 67, 1\u201323, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-017-1071-2"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stashchuk, N. and Hutter, K.: Modelling of water exchange through the Strait of the Dardanelles, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 1361\u20131382, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(01)00017-6"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Storto, A., Ciliberti, S., Peneva, E., and Macchia, F.: Quality Information Document for Black Sea Physical Reanalysis product, Tech. rep., Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, 2016."},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Tutsak, E., G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, M., and \u00d6zsoy, E.: Sea level and fixed ADCP measurements from the Turkish Straits System during 2008\u20132011, in: The Sea of Marmara \u2013 Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservations and Governance, edited by: \u00d6zsoy, E., \u00c7a\u01e7atay, M. N., Balkis, N., and \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, B., TUDAV Publication, 2016."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu\u011frul, S., Be\u015fiktepe, T., and Saliho\u011flu, I.: Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea, Mediterr. Mar. Sci., 3, 33\u201342, 2002.","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.256"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umgiesser, G., Canu, D.\u00a0M., Cucco, A., and Solidoro, C.: A finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation, J. Marine Syst., 51, 123\u2013145, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2004.05.009"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnl\u00fcata, \u00dc., O\u011fuz, T., Latif, M., and \u00d6zsoy, E.: On the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits, in: The physical oceanography of sea straits, Springer, 25\u201360, 1990.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0677-8_2"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wallcraft, A.\u00a0J., Kara, A.\u00a0B., and Hurlburt, H.\u00a0E.: Convergence of Laplacian diffusion versus resolution of an ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, l07604, 10.1029\/2005GL022514, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022514"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Danilov, S., and Schr\u00f6ter, J.: Finite element ocean circulation model based on triangular prismatic elements, with application in studying the effect of topography representation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C05015, 10.1029\/2007JC004482, 2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004482"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, L., Legat, V., and Deleersnijder, E.: Tracer conservation for three-dimensional, finite-element, free-surface, ocean modeling on moving prismatic meshes, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 420\u2013442, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2137.1"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, P. and Arkin, P.\u00a0A.: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539\u20132558, 1997.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.\u00a0J., Stanev, E., and Grashorn, S.: Unstructured-grid model for the North Sea and Baltic Sea: validation against observations, Ocean Model., 97, 91\u2013108, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2015.11.009"}],"container-title":["Ocean Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/os.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/999\/2018\/os-14-999-2018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:39:57Z","timestamp":1789400397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/os.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/999\/2018\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/os-14-999-2018","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-SC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-SC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-SC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-SC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/os-2018-7-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1812-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1812-0792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]}}}