{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:29:15Z","timestamp":1772256555707,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021_140663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_140663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01LK1222B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01LK1222B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001082","name":"Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP-11-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP-11-117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1447056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1447056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1439551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1439551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The growth of aerosol due to the aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone was measured in laboratory-generated clouds created in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Experiments were performed at 10 and \u221210\u202f\u00b0C, on acidic (sulfuric acid) and on partially to fully neutralised (ammonium sulfate) seed aerosol. Clouds were generated by performing an adiabatic expansion \u2013 pressurising the chamber to 220\u202fhPa above atmospheric pressure, and then rapidly releasing the excess pressure, resulting in a cooling, condensation of water on the aerosol and a cloud lifetime of approximately 6\u202fmin. A model was developed to compare the observed aerosol growth with that predicted using oxidation rate constants previously measured in bulk solutions. The model captured the measured aerosol growth very well for experiments performed at 10 and \u221210\u202f\u00b0C, indicating that, in contrast to some previous studies, the oxidation rates of SO2 in a dispersed aqueous system can be well represented by using accepted rate constants, based on bulk measurements. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first laboratory-based measurements of aqueous phase oxidation in a dispersed, super-cooled population of droplets. The measurements are therefore important in confirming that the extrapolation of currently accepted reaction rate constants to temperatures below 0\u202f\u00b0C is correct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1693-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T06:14:35Z","timestamp":1455257675000},"page":"1693-1712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. R.","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5171-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2461-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"El Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Gysel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Coburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Tr\u00f6stl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.-K.","family":"Bernhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2996-3604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Breitenlechner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2584-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C.","family":"Corbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. M.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Duplissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Frege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"H\u00f6ppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Heinritzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. B.","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Nichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Pinterich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. S. H.","family":"Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"Slowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Volkamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. C.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. S.","family":"Wexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Dommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Curtius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. W.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Flagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Kirkby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"M\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Stratmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0079-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.","family":"Baltensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth,\u00a0M.\u00a0C., Rasch,\u00a0P.\u00a0J., Kiehl,\u00a0J.\u00a0T., Benkovitz,\u00a0C.\u00a0M., and\nSchwartz,\u00a0S.\u00a0E.: Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric\nResearch Community Climate Model: description, evaluation, features, and\nsensitivity to aqueous chemistry,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1387\u20131415,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999JD900773,\n2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900773"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffrey,\u00a0P., Hoppel,\u00a0W., Frick,\u00a0G., Pasternack,\u00a0L., Fitzgerald,\u00a0J., Hegg,\u00a0D.,\nGao,\u00a0S., Leaitch,\u00a0R., Shantz,\u00a0N., Albrechcinski,\u00a0T., and Ambrusko,\u00a0J.:\nIn-cloud oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2: cloud\nchamber measurements and modeling of particle growth,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 106,\n27587\u201327601,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD900844,\n2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900844"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clegg,\u00a0S., Brimblecombe,\u00a0P., and Wexler,\u00a0A.: Thermodynamic model of the\nsystem\nH+-NH4+-SO42-NO3-H2O\nat tropospheric temperatures,\u00a0J. Phys. Chem.-US, 102, 2137\u20132154,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp973042r, 1998.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973042r"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coburn, S., Ortega, I., Thalman, R., Blomquist, B., Fairall, C. W., and\nVolkamer, R.: Measurements of diurnal variations and eddy covariance (EC)\nfluxes of glyoxal in the tropical marine boundary layer: description of the\nFast LED-CE-DOAS instrument, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3579\u20133595,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-7-3579-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3579-2014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeCarlo,\u00a0P.\u00a0F., Kimmel,\u00a0J.\u00a0R., Trimborn,\u00a0A., Northway,\u00a0M.\u00a0J., Jayne,\u00a0J.\u00a0T.,\nAiken,\u00a0A.\u00a0C., Gonin,\u00a0M., Fuhrer,\u00a0K., Horvath,\u00a0T., Docherty,\u00a0K.\u00a0S.,\nWorsnop,\u00a0D.\u00a0R., and Jimenez,\u00a0J.\u00a0L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution,\ntime-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281\u20138289,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac061249n, 2006.","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061249n"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duplissy, J., Merikanto, J., Franchin, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Kangasluoma, J.,\nWimmer, D., Vuollekoski, H., Schobesberger, S., Lehtipalo, K., Flagan, R.,\nBrus, D., Donahue, N., Vehk\u00e4m\u00e4ki, H., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Barmet, P.,\nBianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Dunne, E., Guida, R., Henschel, H.,\nJunninen, H., Kirkby, J., K\u00fcrten, A., Kupc, A., M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4nen, A., Makhmutov,\nV., Mathot, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Praplan, A., Riccobono, F., Rondo,\nL., Steiner, G., Tome, A., Walther, H., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K.,\nDommen, J., Hansel, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Sipil\u00e4, M., Stratmann, F., Vrtala, A.,\nWagner, P., Worsnop, D., Curtius, J., and Kulmala, M.: Effect of ions on\nsulfuric acid-water binary particle formation II: Experimental data and\ncomparison with QC-normalized classical nucleation theory, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JD023539, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023539"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutcher,\u00a0C.\u00a0S., Wexler,\u00a0A.\u00a0S., and Clegg,\u00a0S.\u00a0L.: Surface tensions of inorganic multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions and melts,\u00a0J. Phys. Chem.-US, 114, 12216\u201312230,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp105191z, 2010.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp105191z"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson,\u00a0R., Yates,\u00a0L., Clark,\u00a0R., and Mcewen,\u00a0D.: Reaction of\nsulfur-dioxide with ozone in water and its possible atmospheric significance,\nAtmos. Environ., 11, 813\u2013817,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(77)90043-9,\n1977.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(77)90043-9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahey, D. W., Gao, R.-S., M\u00f6hler, O., Saathoff, H., Schiller, C., Ebert,\nV., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Peter, T., Amarouche, N., Avallone, L. M., Bauer, R.,\nBoz\u00f3ki, Z., Christensen, L. E., Davis, S. M., Durry, G., Dyroff, C.,\nHerman, R. L., Hunsmann, S., Khaykin, S. M., Mackrodt, P., Meyer, J., Smith,\nJ. B., Spelten, N., Troy, R. F., V\u00f6mel, H., Wagner, S., and Wienhold, F.\nG.: The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor measurement\ntechniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3177\u20133213, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-7-3177-2014,\n2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3177-2014"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faloona,\u00a0I.: Sulfur processing in the marine atmospheric boundary layer: a\u00a0review and critical assessment of modeling uncertainties, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2841\u20132854,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.02.043, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.02.043"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Forster,\u00a0P., Ramaswamy,\u00a0V., Artaxo,\u00a0P., Berntsen,\u00a0T., Betts,\u00a0R., Fahey,\u00a0D.,\nHaywood,\u00a0J., Lean,\u00a0J., Lowe,\u00a0D., Myhre,\u00a0G., Nganga,\u00a0J., Prinn,\u00a0R., Raga,\u00a0G.,\nSchulz,\u00a0M., and Van Dorland,\u00a0R.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science\nBasis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, chap. 2, Changes in Atmospheric\nConstituents and in Radiative Forcing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,\nUK and New York, NY, USA, 2007."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs,\u00a0N.\u00a0A. and Sutugin,\u00a0A.\u00a0G.: High dispersed aerosols, in: Topics in\nCurrent Aerosol Research, edited by: Hidy,\u00a0G.\u00a0M. and Brock,\u00a0J.\u00a0R., Pergamon,\nNew York, USA, 1\u201360, 1971.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-016674-2.50006-6"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glen, A. and Brooks, S. D.: A new method for measuring optical scattering\nproperties of atmospherically relevant dusts using the Cloud and Aerosol\nSpectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1345\u20131356,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-1345-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1345-2013"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Goff,\u00a0J.\u00a0A. and Gratch,\u00a0S.: Low-pressure properties of water from \u2212160 to 212\u00b0F,\u00a0T. Am. Soc. Heat. Vent. Eng., 52, 95\u2013121, 1946."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graus,\u00a0M., Mueller,\u00a0M., and Hansel,\u00a0A.: High resolution PTR-TOF: quantification and formula confirmation of VOC in real time,\u00a0J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr., 21, 1037\u20131044,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jasms.2010.02.006, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2010.02.006"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs, P. V.: Simultaneous airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei\nand sodium-containing particles over the ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97,\n263\u2013271, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.49709741302, 1971.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709741302"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann,\u00a0M.: On the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aquated sulfur-dioxide by ozone, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1145\u20131154,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(86)90147-2, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(86)90147-2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppel,\u00a0W., Frick,\u00a0G., Fitzgerald,\u00a0J., and Larson,\u00a0R.: Marine boundary-layer\nmeasurements of new particle formation and the effects nonprecipitating\nclouds have on aerosol-size distribution,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14443\u201314459,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/94JD00797,\n1994a.","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00797"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppel,\u00a0W., Frick,\u00a0G., Fitzgerald,\u00a0J., and Wattle,\u00a0B.: A\u00a0cloud chamber study\nof the effect that nonprecipitating water clouds have on the aerosol-size\ndistribution, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 20, 1\u201330,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786829408959660,\n1994b.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829408959660"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ip, H. S.\u00a0S., Huang, X. H.\u00a0H., and Yu, J.\u00a0Z.: Effective Henry's law constants\nof glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and glycolic acid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36,\nL01802,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008GL036212, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036212"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampf, C.\u00a0J., Waxman, E.\u00a0M., Slowik, J.\u00a0G., Dommen, J., Pfaffenberger, L.,\nPraplan, A.\u00a0P., Prevot, A. S.\u00a0H., Baltensperger, U., Hoffmann, T., and\nVolkamer, R.: Effective Henry's law partitioning and the salting constant of\nGlyoxal in Aerosols Containing Sulfate, Environ. Sci.\nTechnol., 47, 4236\u20134244, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es400083d, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/es400083d"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkby,\u00a0J., Curtius,\u00a0J., Almeida,\u00a0J., Dunne,\u00a0E., Duplissy,\u00a0J., Ehrhart,\u00a0S.,\nFranchin,\u00a0A., Gagne,\u00a0S., Ickes,\u00a0L., Kuerten,\u00a0A., Kupc,\u00a0A., Metzger,\u00a0A.,\nRiccobono,\u00a0F., Rondo,\u00a0L., Schobesberger,\u00a0S., Tsagkogeorgas,\u00a0G., Wimmer,\u00a0D.,\nAmorim,\u00a0A., Bianchi,\u00a0F., Breitenlechner,\u00a0M., David,\u00a0A., Dommen,\u00a0J.,\nDownard,\u00a0A., Ehn,\u00a0M., Flagan,\u00a0R.\u00a0C., Haider,\u00a0S., Hansel,\u00a0A., Hauser,\u00a0D.,\nJud,\u00a0W., Junninen,\u00a0H., Kreissl,\u00a0F., Kvashin,\u00a0A., Laaksonen,\u00a0A.,\nLehtipalo,\u00a0K., Lima,\u00a0J., Lovejoy,\u00a0E.\u00a0R., Makhmutov,\u00a0V., Mathot,\u00a0S.,\nMikkila,\u00a0J., Minginette,\u00a0P., Mogo,\u00a0S., Nieminen,\u00a0T., Onnela,\u00a0A., Pereira,\u00a0P.,\nPetaja,\u00a0T., Schnitzhofer,\u00a0R., Seinfeld,\u00a0J.\u00a0H., Sipila,\u00a0M., Stozhkov,\u00a0Y.,\nStratmann,\u00a0F., Tome,\u00a0A., Vanhanen,\u00a0J., Viisanen,\u00a0Y., Vrtala,\u00a0A.,\nWagner,\u00a0P.\u00a0E., Walther,\u00a0H., Weingartner,\u00a0E., Wex,\u00a0H., Winkler,\u00a0P.\u00a0M.,\nCarslaw,\u00a0K.\u00a0S., Worsnop,\u00a0D.\u00a0R., Baltensperger,\u00a0U., and Kulmala,\u00a0M.: Role of\nsulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol\nnucleation, Nature, 476, 429\u2013433,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10343, 2011.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10343"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosak-Channing,\u00a0L. and Helz,\u00a0G.: Solubility of ozone in aqueous-solutions of\n0\u20130.6\u202fM ionic-strength at 5\u201330\u202f\u00b0C, Environ. Sci. Technol.,\n17, 145\u2013149,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00109a005, 1983.","DOI":"10.1021\/es00109a005"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreidenweis,\u00a0S., Walcek,\u00a0C., Feingold,\u00a0G., Gong,\u00a0W., Jacobson,\u00a0M., Kim,\u00a0C.,\nLiu,\u00a0X., Penner,\u00a0J., Nenes,\u00a0A., and Seinfeld,\u00a0J.: Modification of aerosol\nmass and size distribution due to aqueous-phase SO2 oxidation in\nclouds: Comparisons of several models,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 108,\n4213, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002697, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002697"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala,\u00a0M.: How particles nucleate and grow, Science, 302, 1000\u20131001,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1090848, 2003.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090848"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Lowe,\u00a0P.\u00a0R. and Ficke,\u00a0J.\u00a0M.: The Computation of Saturation Vapor Pressure, Tech. Rep., Environmental Prediction Research Facility (Navy), Monterey, CA, USA, 1974."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maahs,\u00a0H.: Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of S(IV) by ozone in\naqueous-solution with particular reference to SO2 conversion in\nnonurban tropospheric clouds,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 88, 721\u2013732,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JC088iC15p10721,\n1983.","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC15p10721"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurry,\u00a0P.\u00a0H. and Grosjean,\u00a0D.: Gas and aerosol wall losses in Teflon film smog chambers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1176\u20131182,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00142a006, 1985.","DOI":"10.1021\/es00142a006"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller,\u00a0D., Gertler,\u00a0A., Whitbeck,\u00a0M., and Lamb,\u00a0D.: Ozone-induced oxidation\nof SO2 in simulated clouds,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14439\u201314444,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JD091iD13p14439,\n1986.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD13p14439"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller,\u00a0B. and Heal,\u00a0M.: The mass accommodation coefficient of ozone on an\naqueous surface, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 3365\u20133369,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b202491h, 2002.","DOI":"10.1039\/b202491h"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandis,\u00a0S. and Seinfeld,\u00a0J.: Sensitivity analysis of a\u00a0chemical mechanism for\naqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry,\u00a0J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1105\u20131126,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JD094iD01p01105,\n1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD01p01105"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Poling,\u00a0B.\u00a0E., Prausnitz,\u00a0J.\u00a0M., and O'Connell,\u00a0J.\u00a0P.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riccobono,\u00a0F., Schobesberger,\u00a0S., Scott,\u00a0C.\u00a0E., Dommen,\u00a0J., Ortega,\u00a0I.\u00a0K.,\nRondo,\u00a0L., Almeida,\u00a0J., Amorim,\u00a0A., Bianchi,\u00a0F., Breitenlechner,\u00a0M.,\nDavid,\u00a0A., Downard,\u00a0A., Dunne,\u00a0E.\u00a0M., Duplissy,\u00a0J., Ehrhart,\u00a0S.,\nFlagan,\u00a0R.\u00a0C., Franchin,\u00a0A., Hansel,\u00a0A., Junninen,\u00a0H., Kajos,\u00a0M.,\nKeskinen,\u00a0H., Kupc,\u00a0A., Kuerten,\u00a0A., Kvashin,\u00a0A.\u00a0N., Laaksonen,\u00a0A.,\nLehtipalo,\u00a0K., Makhmutov,\u00a0V., Mathot,\u00a0S., Nieminen,\u00a0T., Onnela,\u00a0A.,\nPetaja,\u00a0T., Praplan,\u00a0A.\u00a0P., Santos,\u00a0F.\u00a0D., Schallhart,\u00a0S., Seinfeld,\u00a0J.\u00a0H.,\nSipila,\u00a0M., Spracklen,\u00a0D.\u00a0V., Stozhkov,\u00a0Y., Stratmann,\u00a0F., Tome,\u00a0A.,\nTsagkogeorgas,\u00a0G., Vaattovaara,\u00a0P., Viisanen,\u00a0Y., Vrtala,\u00a0A., Wagner,\u00a0P.\u00a0E.,\nWeingartner,\u00a0E., Wex,\u00a0H., Wimmer,\u00a0D., Carslaw,\u00a0K.\u00a0S., Curtius,\u00a0J.,\nDonahue,\u00a0N.\u00a0M., Kirkby,\u00a0J., Kulmala,\u00a0M., Worsnop,\u00a0D.\u00a0R., and\nBaltensperger,\u00a0U.: Oxidation products of biogenic emissions contribute to\nnucleation of atmospheric particles, Science, 344, 717\u2013721,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1243527,\n2014.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243527"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodhe,\u00a0H.: Human impact on the atmospheric sulfur balance, Tellus A, 51, 110\u2013122, 1999.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1999.00009.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnaiter, M., B\u00fcttner, S., M\u00f6hler, O., Skrotzki, J., Vragel, M., and\nWagner, R.: Influence of particle size and shape on the backscattering linear\ndepolarisation ratio of small ice crystals \u2013 cloud chamber measurements in\nthe context of contrail and cirrus microphysics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12,\n10465\u201310484, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-10465-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10465-2012"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz,\u00a0S.\u00a0E.: Mass transport considerations pertinent to aqueous phase\nreactions of gases in liquid water clouds, in: Chemistry of Multiphase\nAtmospheric Systems, edited by: Jaeschke,\u00a0W., NATO ASI series Series G:\nEcological Sciences, 6, 415\u2013471, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York\nTokyo, 1986.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_16"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz,\u00a0S.: Mass-transport limitation to the rate of in-cloud oxidation of SO2 \u2013 re-examination in the light of new data, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2491\u20132499,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(88)90480-5, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(88)90480-5"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Seinfeld,\u00a0J.\u00a0H. and Pandis,\u00a0S.\u00a0N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, USA, 2006."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith,\u00a0R.\u00a0M. and Martell,\u00a0A.\u00a0E.: Critical Stability Constants, vol. 4: Inorganic Complexes, Plenum, New York, 1976.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5506-0"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele,\u00a0R., Gertler,\u00a0A., Katz,\u00a0U., Lamb,\u00a0D., and Miller,\u00a0D.: Cloud chamber\nstudies of dark transformations of sulfur-dioxide in cloud droplets, Atmos.\nEnviron., 15, 2341\u20132352, 1981.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90264-X"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalman, R. and Volkamer, R.: Inherent calibration of a blue LED-CE-DOAS\ninstrument to measure iodine oxide, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, nitrogen\ndioxide, water vapour and aerosol extinction in open cavity mode, Atmos.\nMeas. Tech., 3, 1797\u20131814, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-3-1797-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1797-2010"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalman, R., Baeza-Romero, M. T., Ball, S. M., Borr\u00e1s, E., Daniels, M. J.\nS., Goodall, I. C. A., Henry, S. B., Karl, T., Keutsch, F. N., Kim, S., Mak,\nJ., Monks, P. S., Mu\u00f1oz, A., Orlando, J., Peppe, S., Rickard, A. R.,\nR\u00f3denas, M., S\u00e1nchez, P., Seco, R., Su, L., Tyndall, G., V\u00e1zquez, M.,\nVera, T., Waxman, E., and Volkamer, R.: Instrument intercomparison of\nglyoxal, methyl glyoxal and NO2 under simulated atmospheric conditions,\nAtmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1835\u20131862, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-8-1835-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-1835-2015"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vochezer, P., J\u00e4rvinen, E., Wagner, R., Kupiszewski, P., Leisner, T., and\nSchnaiter, M.: In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the Small\nIce Detector and the Particle Phase Discriminator, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9,\n159\u2013177, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-9-159-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-159-2016"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkamer, R., Baidar, S., Campos, T. L., Coburn, S., DiGangi, J. P., Dix, B.,\nEloranta, E. W., Koenig, T. K., Morley, B., Ortega, I., Pierce, B. R.,\nReeves, M., Sinreich, R., Wang, S., Zondlo, M. A., and Romashkin, P. A.:\nAircraft measurements of BrO, IO, glyoxal, NO2, H2O, O2-O2 and\naerosol extinction profiles in the tropics: comparison with\naircraft-\/ship-based in situ and lidar measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8,\n2121\u20132148, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-8-2121-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2121-2015"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wexler,\u00a0A. and Clegg,\u00a0S.: Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including\nthe ions H+, NH4+, Na+, SO42\u2212,\nNO3\u2212, Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, and H2O,\u00a0J.\nGeophys. Res., 107, 4207,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000451,\n2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000451"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaveri,\u00a0R.\u00a0A., Easter,\u00a0R.\u00a0C., Fast,\u00a0J.\u00a0D., and Peters,\u00a0L.\u00a0K.: Model for\nSimulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res.,\n113, D13204,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JD008782,2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008782"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1693\/2016\/acp-16-1693-2016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T07:55:34Z","timestamp":1739001334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1693\/2016\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-1693-2016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-15-33843-2015","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-15-33843-2015","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]]}}}