{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:29:26Z","timestamp":1772256566160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Cloud microphysical processes involving the ice phase in tropospheric clouds are among the major uncertainties in cloud formation, weather, and general circulation models. The detection of aerosol particles, liquid droplets, and ice crystals, especially in the small cloud particle-size range below 50\u202f\u03bcm, remains challenging in mixed phase, often unstable environments. The Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization\u00a0(CASPOL) is an airborne instrument that has the ability to detect such small cloud particles and measure the variability in polarization state of their backscattered light. Here we operate the versatile Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets\u00a0(CLOUD) chamber facility at the European Organization for Nuclear Research\u00a0(CERN) to produce controlled mixed phase and other clouds by adiabatic expansions in an ultraclean environment, and use the CASPOL to discriminate between different aerosols, water, and ice particles. In this paper, optical property measurements of mixed-phase clouds and viscous secondary organic aerosol\u00a0(SOA) are presented. We report observations of significant liquid\u2013viscous SOA particle polarization transitions under dry conditions using CASPOL. Cluster analysis techniques were subsequently used to classify different types of particles according to their polarization ratios during phase transition. A classification map is presented for water droplets, organic aerosol (e.g., SOA and oxalic acid), crystalline substances such as ammonium sulfate, and volcanic ash. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of this classification approach for atmospherically relevant concentrations and mixtures with respect to the CLOUD\u00a08\u20139 campaigns and its potential contribution to tropical troposphere layer analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3651-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1458210044000},"page":"3651-3664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid","family":"Nichman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5171-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karoliina","family":"Ignatius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niko Florian","family":"H\u00f6ppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Heinritzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Tr\u00f6stl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Christine","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul James","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James Robert","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Duplissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Frege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamish","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Robert","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Bjerring","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"McPherson\u00a0Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Flagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin William","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Kirkby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottmar","family":"M\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schnaiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Stratmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelmonem, 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A., Topics in\nCurrent Chemistry, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 97\u2013143, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2012_355"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Droplet Measurement Technologies Manual: CAPS operator manual, DOC-0066\nRevision\u00a0F, DMT, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2011."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duplissy, J., Enghoff, M. B., Aplin, K. L., Arnold, F., Aufmhoff, H.,\nAvngaard, M., Baltensperger, U., Bondo, T., Bingham, R., Carslaw, K.,\nCurtius, J., David, A., Fastrup, B., Gagn\u00e9, S., Hahn, F., Harrison, R.\nG., Kellett, B., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A.,\nLillestol, E., Lockwood, M., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J., Makhmutov, V., Marsh, N.\nD., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pedersen, E., Pedersen, J. O. P., Polny, J.,\nReichl, U., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipil\u00e4, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F.,\nSvensmark, H., Svensmark, J., Veenhof, R., Verheggen, B., Viisanen, Y.,\nWagner, P. 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D.: A new method for measuring optical scattering\nproperties of atmospherically relevant dusts using the Cloud and Aerosol\nSpectrometer with Polarization\u00a0(CASPOL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1345\u20131356,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-1345-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1345-2013"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glen, A. and Brooks, S. D.: Single particle measurements of the optical\nproperties of small ice crystals and heterogeneous ice nuclei, Aerosol Sci.\nTech., 48, 1123\u20131132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2014.963023, 2014.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2014.963023"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gro\u00df, S., Esselborn, M., Weinzierl, B., Wirth, M., Fix, A., and Petzold,\nA.: Aerosol classification by airborne high spectral resolution lidar\nobservations, Atmos. Chem. 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J.: On measurements of small ice particles in clouds,\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23812, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007GL030951, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030951"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., Schmitt, C., Bansemer, A., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., McGill,\nM. J., Twohy, C., and Baumgardner, D.: Effective Radius of Ice Cloud\nParticle Populations Derived from Aircraft Probes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,\n23, 361\u2013380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JTECH1857.1, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1857.1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyle, C. R., Fuchs, C., J\u00e4rvinen, E., Saathoff, H., Dias, A., El\nHaddad, I., Gysel, M., Coburn, S. C., Tr\u00f6stl, J., Bernhammer, A.-K.,\nBianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Corbin, J. C., Craven, J., Donahue, N. M.,\nDuplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Frege, C., Gordon, H., H\u00f6ppel, N., Heinritzi,\nM., Kristensen, T. B., Molteni, U., Nichman, L., Pinterich, T.,\nPr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., Simon, M., Slowik, J. G., Steiner, G., Tom\u00e9,\nA., Vogel, A. L., Volkamer, R., Wagner, A. C., Wagner, R., Wexler, A. S.,\nWilliamson, C., Winkler, P. M., Yan, C., Amorim, A., Dommen, J., Curtius,\nJ., Gallagher, M. W., Flagan, R. C., Hansel, A., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M.,\nM\u00f6hler, O., Stratmann, F., Worsnop, D. R., and Baltensperger, U.:\nAqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1693\u20131712, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-1693-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1693-2016"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen, E., Ignatius, K., Nichman, L., Kristensen, T. B., Fuchs, C.,\nH\u00f6ppel, N., Corbin, J. C., Craven, J., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., El\nHaddad, I., Frege, C., Gates, S. J., Gordon, H., Hoyle, C. 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