{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:43:17Z","timestamp":1777804997384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. PM10 aerosol was sampled in Santiago, the largest island of Cabo\nVerde, for 1\u00a0year, and analysed for elements, ions and carbonaceous material.\nVery high levels of dust were measured during the winter months, as a result\nof the direct transport of dust plumes from the African continent. Ionic and\nmass balances (IMBs) were applied to the analysed compounds, permitting the\ndetermination of six to seven different processes and source contributions to\nthe aerosol loading: insoluble and soluble dust, sea salt, carbonaceous\nmaterial and secondary inorganic compounds resulting from the reaction of\nacidic precursors with ammonia, sea salt and dust. The mass balance could be closed by\nthe consideration and estimation of sorbed water that constituted\n20\u2009%\u201330\u2009% of the aerosol mass. The balance methodology was compared\nwith positive matrix factorisation (PMF), showing similar qualitative source\ncomposition. In quantitative terms, while for soil dust and secondary\ninorganic compound source classes, the results are similar, for other sources\nsuch as sea-salt spray there are significant differences in periods of dust\nepisodes. The discrepancies between both approaches are interpreted based on\ncalculated source profiles. The joint utilisation of the two methodologies,\nwhich are complementary, gives confidence in our capability for the correct\nsource apportionment of aerosol particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13215-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T08:09:33Z","timestamp":1536826173000},"page":"13215-13230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol in a marine dusty environment by ionic\/composition mass balance (IMB)"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana M.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0950-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Almeida-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Arti\u00f1ano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Casimiro","family":"Pio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Castillo, S., Escudero, M., Avila, A., Cuevas, E.,\nTorres, C., Romero, P.-M., Exposito, F., Garc\u00eda, O., Pedro Diaz, J.,\nDingenen, R. V., and Putaud, J. P.: Characterisation of TSP and PM2.5\nat Iza\u00f1a and Sta. Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) during a\nSaharan Dust Episode (July 2002), Atmos. Environ., 39, 4715\u20134728,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.018, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., and Trancoso, M. A.:\nSource apportionment of atmospheric urban aerosol based on weekdays\/weekend\nvariability: evaluation of road re-suspended dust contribution, Atmos.\nEnviron., 40, 2058\u20132067, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.046, 2006a.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.046"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., and Trancoso, M. A.:\nApproaching PM2.5 and PM2.5\u221210 source apportionment by\nmass balance analysis, principal component analysis and particle size\ndistribution, Sci. Total Environ., 368, 663\u2013674,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.031, 2006b.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.031"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, S. M., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M., Pinheiro, T., Felix, P. M., and\nPio, C. A.: Fifteen years of nuclear techniques application to suspended\nparticulate matter studies,\u00a0J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 297, 347\u2013356,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10967-012-2354-1, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-012-2354-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Silva, M., Almeida, S. M., Freitas, M. C., Pio, C. A., Nunes, T., and\nCardoso, J.: Impact of Sahara dust transport on Cape Verde atmospheric\nelement particles.\u00a0J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A, 76, 240\u2013251,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15287394.2013.757200, 2013.","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.757200"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Silva, M., Almeida, S. M., Cardoso, J., Nunes, T., Reis, M. A.,\nChaves, P. C., and Pio, C. A.: Characterization of the aeolian aerosol from\nCape Verde by k(0)-INAA and PIXE,\u00a0J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 300, 629\u2013635,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10967-014-2957-9, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-014-2957-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, F. and Hopke, P. K.: Source apportionment of the ambient\nPM2.5 across St. Louis using constrained positive matrix\nfactorization, Atmos. Environ., 46, 329\u2013337,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.09.062, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.09.062"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Karanasiou, A., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Calzolai,\nG., Severi, M., Becagli, S., Gianelle, V. L., Colombi, C., Alves, C.,\nCust\u00f3dio, D., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Eleftheriadis, K.,\nDiapouli, E., Reche, C., Minguill\u00f3n, M. C., Manousakas, M.-I., Maggos,\nT., Vratolis, S., Harrison, R. M., and Querol, X.: AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized\nPM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3289\u20133309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-3289-2016,\n2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3289-2016"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, E., Saxena, P., Musarra, S., Hildemann, L. M., Koutrakis, P.,\nMcMurry, P. H., Olmez, I., and White, W. H.: Concentration and Composition of\nAtmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the\nClosure between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements, J. Air Waste Manage.\nAssoc., 50, 648\u2013664, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464116, 2000.","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464116"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashbaugh, L. L., Myrup, L. O., and Flocchini, R. G.: A principal component\nanalysis of sulfur concentrations in the western United States, Atmos.\nEnviron., 18, 783\u2013791, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90262-2, 1984.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90262-2"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belis, C. A., Karagulian, F., Larsen, B. R., and Hopke, P. K.: Critical\nreview and meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment\nusing receptor models in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 69, 94\u2013108,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.009, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.11.009"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Belis, C. A., Larsen, B. R., Amato, F., El Haddad, I., Favez, O., Harrison,\nR. M., Hopke, P. K., Nava, S., Paatero, P., Prevot, A., Quass, U., Vecchi,\nR., and Viana, M.: European Guide on Air Pollution Source Apportionment with\nReceptor Models, JRC Reference Report EUR 26080, Publication Office of\nthe\u00a0European Union, ISBN 978-92-79-32514-4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2788\/9332, 2014."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard, C.: Methods for attributing ambient air pollutants to emission\nsources, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 24, 329\u2013365,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.energy.24.1.329, 1999.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.24.1.329"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunekreef, B. and Fosberg, B.: Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse\nairborne particles on health, Eur. Respir. J., 26, 309\u2013318,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.05.00001805, 2005.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00001805"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buseck, P. R. and P\u00f3sfai, M.: Airborne minerals and related aerosol\nparticles: Effects on climate and the environment, PNAS, 96, 3372\u20133379,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3372, 1999.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3372"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canepari, S., Farao, C., Marconi, E., Giovannelli, C., and Perrino, C.:\nQualitative and quantitative determination of water in airborne particulate\nmatter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1193\u20131202,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-1193-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1193-2013"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, S., Moreno, T., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Cuevas, E., Herrmann, L.,\nMounkaila, M., and Gibbons, W.: Trace element variation in size-fractionated\nAfrican desert dusts, J. Arid Environ., 72, 1034\u20131045,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.12.007, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.12.007"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Qiu, S., Shang, J., Wilfrid, O. M. F., Liu, X., Tian, H., and Boman\nJ.: Impact of relative humidity and water soluble constituents of\nPM2.5 on visibility impairment in Beijing, China, Aerosol Air Qual.\nRes., 14, 260\u2013268, 2014.","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.12.0360"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X. and Yu, J. Z.: Measurement of organic mass to organic carbon ratio in\nambient aerosol samples using a gravimetric technique in combination with\nchemical analysis, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8857\u20138864,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.08.023, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.08.023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.-W. A. and Cao, J.: PM2.5 Source Apportionment Using a\nHybrid Environmental Receptor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 6357\u20136369,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b00131, 2018.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00131"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiapello, I., Bergametti, G., Chatenet, B., Bousquet, P., and Santos Soares,\nE.: Origins of African dust transported over northeastern tropical Atlantic,\nJ. Geophys. Res., 102, 13701\u201313709, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD00259, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00259"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Countess, R. J., Wolff, G. T., and Cadle, S. H.: The Denver Winter Aerosol: A\nComprehensive Chemical Characterization, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 30,\n1194\u20131200, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00022470.1980.10465167, 1980.","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1980.10465167"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, W. D., Saxena, P., and McMurry, P. H.: Estimation of water uptake by\norganic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the Southeastern\naerosol and visibility study, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1471\u20131479,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999JD901001, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901001"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Eldred, B.: Internal memo to IMPROVE Staff, available at:\nhttp:\/\/vista.cira.colostate.edu\/improve\/Publications\/GrayLit\/023_SoilEquation\/Soil_Eq_Evaluation.pdf\n(last access: 30 August 2018), 2003."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eltayeb, M. A. H., Injuk, J., Maenhaut, W., and Van Grieken, R. E.: Elemental\nComposition of Mineral Aerosol Generated from Sudan Sahara Sand, J. Atmos.\nChem., 40, 247\u2013273, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1012272208129, 2001.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012272208129"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Zanan, H. S., Zielinska, B., Mazzoleni, L. R., and Hansen, D. A.:\nAnalytical determination of the aerosol organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio,\nJ. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 59, 58\u201369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3155\/1047-3289.59.1.58, 2009.","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.1.58"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ervens, B., Turpin, B. J., and Weber, R. J.: Secondary organic aerosol\nformation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of\nlaboratory, field and model studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11069\u201311102,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-11069-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11069-2011"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formenti, P., Andreae, M. O., Lange, L., Roberts, G., Cafineyer, J., Rajta,\nI., Maenhaut, W., Holben, B. N., Artaxo, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Saharan dust\nin Brazil and Suriname during the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment\nin Amazonia (LBA) \u2013 Cooperative LBA Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) in March\n1998, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14919\u201314934, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD900827, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900827"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formenti, P., Elbert, W., Maenhaut, W., Haywood, J., and Andrea, M. O.:\nChemical composition of mineral dust aerosol during Saharan Dust Experiment\n(SHADE) airborne campaign in the Cape Verde region, September 2000, J.\nGeophys Res., 108, 8576, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002648, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002648"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gama, C., Tchepel, O., Baldasano, J., Basart, S., Ferreira, J., Pio, C.,\nCardoso, J., and Borrego, C.: Seasonal patterns of Saharan dust over Cape\nVerde \u2013 a combined approach using observations and modelling, Tellus B, 67,\n24410, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v67.24410, 2015.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v67.24410"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genga, A., Ielpo, P., Siciliano, T., and Siciliano, M.: Carbonaceous\nparticles and aerosol mass closure in PM2.5 collected in a port\ncity, Atmos. Res., 183, 245\u2013254, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.08.022, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.08.022"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginoux, P., Prospero, J. M., Gill, T. E., Hsu, N. C., and Zhao, M.:\nGlobal-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their\nemission rates based on MODIS deep blue aerosol products, Rev. Geophys., 50,\nRG3005, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2012RG000388, 2012.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012RG000388"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, A. L., Underwood, G. M., and Grassian, V. H.: A laboratory study of\nthe heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles, J.\nGeophys. Res., 105, 29053\u201329064, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD900396, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900396"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigoratos, T., Samara, C., Voutsa, D., Manoli, E., and Kouras, A.: Chemical\ncomposition and mass closure of ambient coarse particles at traffic and\nurban-background sites in Thessaloniki, Greece, Environ Sci. Pollut. Res.,\n21, 7708\u20137722, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-014-2732-z, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2732-z"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guieu, C., Loye-Pilot, M.-D., Ridame, C., and Thomas, C.: Chemical\ncharacterization of the Saharan dust end-member: Some biogeochemical\nimplications for the western Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D15,\nACH 5-1\u2013ACH 5-11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000582, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000582"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guinot, B., Cachier, H., and Oikonomou, K.: Geochemical perspectives from a\nnew aerosol chemical mass closure, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1657\u20131670,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1657-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1657-2007"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., and Lawrence, R. G.: A pragmatic mass closure\nmodel for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites,\nAtmos. Environ., 37, 4927\u20134933, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.08.025, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.08.025"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, R. C., Lewis, C. W., Hopke, P. K., and Williamson, H. J.: Review of\nreceptor model fundamentals, Atmos. Environ., 18, 1507\u20131515,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90375-5, 1984.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90375-5"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Hopke, P. K.: Receptor Modelling in Environmental Chemistry, Wiley &amp;amp; Sons,\nNY, 1985."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Japar, S. M., Szkarlat, A. C., Gorse Jr., R. A., Heyerdahl, E. K., Johnson,\nR. L., Rau, J. A., and Huntzicker, J. J.: Comparison of Solvent Extraction\nand Thermal Optical Carbon Analysis Methods: Application to Diesel Vehicle\nExhaust Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 231\u2013234,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00122a004, 1984.","DOI":"10.1021\/es00122a004"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Journet, E., Balkanski, Y., and Harrison, S. P.: A new data set of soil\nmineralogy for dust-cycle modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3801\u20133816,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-3801-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-3801-2014"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandler, K., Sch\u00fctz, L., Deutscher, C., Eber, M., Hofmann, H.,\nJ\u00e4ckel, S., Jaenicke, R., Knippertz, P., Lieke K., Massling, A., Petzold,\nA., Schladitz, A., Weinzierl, B., Wiedensohler,&lt;span id=&quot;page13229&quot;\/&gt; A., Zorn, S., and Weinbruch,\nS.: Size distribution, mass concentration, chemical and mineralogical\ncomposition and derived optical parameters of the boundary layer aerosol at\nTinfou, Morocco, during SAMUM 2006, Tellus B, 61, 32\u201350,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00385.x, 2009.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00385.x"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitamori, Y., Mochida, M., and Kawamura, K.: Assessment of the aerosol water\ncontent in urban atmospheric particles by the hygroscopic growth measurements\nin Sapporo, Japan, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3416\u20133423,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.03.037, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.03.037"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G. R., Shi, G. L., Tian, Y. Z., Wang, Y. N., Zhang, C. Y., and Feng, Y.\nC.: Physically constrained source apportionment (PCSA) for polycyclic\naromatic hydrocarbon using the Multilinear Engine 2-species ratios (ME2-SR)\nmethod, Sci. Total Environ., 502, 16\u201321,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.011, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.011"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715\u2013737, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005,\n2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.:\nSpatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction\nin the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1347\u20131370,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/93JD02916, 1994.","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD02916"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Mason B. and Moore C. B.: Principles of Geochemistry, 4 Edn., Wiley &amp;amp;\nSons, New York, 1982."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirante, F., Salvador, P., Pio, C., Alves, C., Artinano, B., Caseiro, A., and\nRevuelta, M. A.: Size fractionated aerosol composition at roadside and\nbackground environments in the Madrid urban atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 138,\n278\u2013292, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.024, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.024"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, T., Querol, X., Castillo, S., Alastuey, A., and Cuevas, E.:\nGeochemical variations in Aeolian mineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel\ndust corridor, Chemosphere, 65, 261\u2013270,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.02.052, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.02.052"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Pandis, S. N., and Pilinis, C.: ISORROPIA: A new thermodynamic\nequilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols, Aquat.\nGeoch., 4, 123\u2013152, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1009604003981, 1998a.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009604003981"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Pilinis, C., and Pandis, S. N.: Continued Development and Testing\nof a New Thermodynamic Aerosol Module for Urban and Regional Air Quality\nModels, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1553\u20131560, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00352-5,\n1998b.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00352-5"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paatero, P.: The multilinear engine \u2013 a table-driven least squares program\nfor solving multilinear problems, including the n-way parallel factor\nanalysis model, J. Comput. Graph Stat., 8, 854\u2013888,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10618600.1999.10474853, 1999.","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1999.10474853"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative\nfactor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values,\nEnvironmetrics, 5, 111\u2013126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/env.3170050203, 1994.","DOI":"10.1002\/env.3170050203"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrino, C., Canepari, S., and Catrambone, M.: Comparing the Performance of\nTeflon and Quartz Membrane Filters Collecting Atmospheric PM: Influence of\nAtmospheric Water, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 137\u2013147,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2012.07.0167, 2013.","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.07.0167"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pio, C., Cerqueira, M., Harrison, R., Nunes, T., Mirante, F., Alves, C.,\nOliveira, C., Sanchez de la Campa, A., Art\u00ed\u00f1ano, B., and Matos, M.:\nOC\/EC Ratio Observations In Europe: Re-Thinking The Approach For\nApportionment Between Primary And Secondary Organic Carbon, Atmos. Environ.,\n45, 6121\u20136132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045, 2011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pio, C. A. and Lopes, D.: Chlorine loss from marine aerosol in a coastal\natmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25263\u201325269, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/98JD02088, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02088"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Pio, C. A., Ramos, M. O., and Duarte, A. C.: Measurement of Carbonates in\nAtmospheric Aerosols by Acidification and NDIR Analysis of Evolved\nCO2, in: Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants,\nedited by: Angeletti, G. and Restelli, G., Report EUR 15609\/1 EN, European\nCommission, Brussels, Vol. 1, 712\u2013717, 1994."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pope III, C. A.: Review, Epidemiological basis for particulate air pollution\nhealth standards, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 32, 4\u201314, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/027868200303885,\n2000.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868200303885"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00f6schl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation climate and\nhealth effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7520\u20137540,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.200501122, 2005.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200501122"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Putaud, J. P., Seinfeld,\nJ. H., and Adams, P.: Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global\ntroposphere, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4215\u20134240,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00239-9, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00239-9"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols,\nClimate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science, 294, 2119\u20132124,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1064034, 2001.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, S. L., Robinson, A. L., Khlystov, A., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S.\nN.: Mass Balance Closure and the Federal Reference Method for PM2.5\nin Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3305\u20133318,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.016, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.016"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reff, A., Eberly, S. I., and Bhave, P. V.: Receptor Modeling of Ambient\nParticulate Matter Data Using Positive Matrix Factorization: Review of\nExisting Methods, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 57, 146\u2013154,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10473289.2007.10465319, 2007.","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2007.10465319"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remoundaki, E., Papayannis, A., Kassomenos, P., Mantas, E., Kokkalis, P., and\nTsezos, M.: Influence of Saharan Dust Transport Events on PM2.5\nConcentrations and Composition over Athens, Water Air Soil Pollut., 224,\n1373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-012-1373-4, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-012-1373-4"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit B.\nR. T.: Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol, 4. Particulate Abrasion Products from\nLeaf Surfaces of Urban Plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2700\u20132711,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00049a008, 1993a.","DOI":"10.1021\/es00049a008"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogge, W. F., Mazurek, M. A., Hildemann, L. M., and Cass, G. R.:\nQuantifcation of Urban Organic Aerosols at a Molecular Level: Identification,\nAbundance and Seasonal Variation, Atmos. Environ., 27, 1309\u20131330,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90257-Y, 1993b.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90257-Y"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russel L. M.: Aerosol Organic-Mass-to-Organic-Carbon Ratio Measurements,\nEnviron. Sci. Technol., 37, 2982\u20132987, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es026123w, 2003.","DOI":"10.1021\/es026123w"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvador, P., Almeida, S. M., Cardoso, J., Almeida-Silva, M., Nunes, T.,\nCerqueira, M., Alves, C., Reis, M. A., Chaves, P. C., Artinano, B., and Pio,\nC.: Composition and origin of PM10 in Cape Verde: Characterization\nof long-range transport episodes,\u00a0Atmos. Environ., 127, 326\u2013339,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.12.057, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.12.057"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheuvens, D., Kandler, K., Ebert, M., and Weinbruch, S.: Bulk composition of\nnorthern African dust and its source sediments \u2013 A compilation, Earth-Sci.\nRev., 116, 170\u2013194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.08.005, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.08.005"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuttlefield, J. D., Cox, D., and Grassian, V. H.: An Investigation of water\nuptake on Clays Minerals Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Quartz\nCrystal microbalance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21303,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JD008973, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008973"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciare, J., Oikonomou, K., Cachier, H., Mihalopoulos, N., Andreae, M. O.,\nMaenhaut, W., and Sarda-Est\u00e8ve, R.: Aerosol mass closure and\nreconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern\nMediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5,\n2253\u20132265, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-2253-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2253-2005"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From\nAir Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 1998.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.882420"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sempere, R. and Kawamura, K.: Comparative Distributions of Dicarboxylic Acids\nand Related Polar Compounds in Snow, Rain and Aerosols from Urban Atmosphere,\nAtmos. Environ., 28, 449\u2013459, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1352-2310(94)90123-6, 1994.","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)90123-6"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speer, R. E., Barnes, H. M., and Brown, R.: An instrument for measuring the\nliquid content of aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 50\u201361,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786829708965457, 1997.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829708965457"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speer R. E., Edney E. O., and Kleindienst T. E.: Impact of organic compounds\non the concentrations of liquid water in ambient PM2.5, Aerosol\nScience, 34, 63\u201377, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00152-0, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00152-0"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanier, C., Khlystov, A., Chan, W. R., Mandiro, M., and Pandis, S. N.: A\nmethod for the in-situ measurement of aerosol water content of ambient\naerosols: The Dry-Ambient Aerosol Size Spectrometer (DAASS), Aerosol Sci.\nTechnol., 38, 215\u2013228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786820390229525, 2004.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820390229525"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, T. Y. and Chiba, M.: A numerical study of the contributions of dust\nsource regions to the global dust budget, Global Planet Change, 52, 88\u2013104,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.02.002, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.02.002"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, I. N. and Munkelwitz, H. R.: Water activities, densities, and\nrefractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of\natmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18801\u201318808,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/94JD01345, 1994.","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01345"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, I. N., Tridico, A. C., and Fung, K. H.: Thermodynamic and optical\nproperties of sea salt aerosols, J. Geophysical Res., 102, 23269\u201323275,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD01806, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01806"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobias, A., Perez, L., Diaz J., Linares, C., Pey, J., Alastuey, A., and\nQuerol, X.: Short term effects of particulate matter on total mortality\nduring Saharan dust outbreaks: a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain),\nSci. Total Environ., 412\u2013413, 386\u2013389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.10.027,\n2011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.10.027"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsyro, S. G.: To what extent can aerosol water explain the discrepancy\nbetween model calculated and gravimetric PM10 and PM2.5?,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 515\u2013532, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-515-2005,\n2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-515-2005"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"Turekian, K. K.: Oceans, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H. J.: Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass\nConcentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass,\nAerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602\u2013610, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD01806, 2001.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820152051454"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, J. G., Zhu, T., Chow, J. C., Engelbrecht, J., Fujita, E. M., and\nWilson, W. E.: Receptor modeling application framework for particle source\napportionment, Chemosphere, 49, 1093\u20131136,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00243-6, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00243-6"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wedepohl, K. H.: The composition of the continental crust, Geochim.\nCosmochim. Ac., 59, 1217\u20131232, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00038-2, 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00038-2"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Imre, D., McGraw, R., and Tang, I.: Ammonium sulphate: Equilibrium\nand metastability phase diagrams from 40 to \u221250&amp;thinsp;\u2218C, J. Phys. Res.\nB, 102, 7462\u20137469, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp981929x, 1998.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp981929x"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/18\/13215\/2018\/acp-18-13215-2018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T10:45:20Z","timestamp":1738406720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/18\/13215\/2018\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-13215-2018","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-10-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]]}}}