{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:46:46Z","timestamp":1772257606674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["316662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["227463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["616075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["616075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["638703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["638703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["335478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021_169090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_169090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200020_172602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200020_172602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FI20_ 172622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FI20_ 172622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGC1439551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGC1439551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1447056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1447056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1531284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1531284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1801574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1801574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1801897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1801897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1649147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1649147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1801280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1801280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS1602086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS1602086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1801329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1801329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002674","name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["&quot;High energy physics and neutrino astrophysics&quot; 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["&quot;High energy physics and neutrino astrophysics&quot; 2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002674","name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["&quot;Physics of Fundamental Interactions&quot; 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["&quot;Physics of Fundamental Interactions&quot; 2017\u20132020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J3951-N36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3951-N36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P27295-N20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P27295-N20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["299574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["331207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["331207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["326948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["326948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) is a significant source of atmospheric\nparticles, affecting climate and air quality. Understanding the mechanisms\ninvolved in urban aerosols is important to develop effective mitigation\nstrategies. However, NPF rates reported in the polluted boundary layer span\nmore than 4\u00a0orders of magnitude, and the reasons behind this variability are the subject of intense scientific debate. Multiple atmospheric vapours have been\npostulated to participate in NPF, including sulfuric acid, ammonia, amines\nand organics, but their relative roles remain unclear. We investigated NPF\nin the CLOUD chamber using mixtures of anthropogenic vapours that simulate\npolluted boundary layer conditions. We demonstrate that NPF in polluted\nenvironments is largely driven by the formation of sulfuric acid\u2013base\nclusters, stabilized by the presence of amines, high ammonia concentrations\nand lower temperatures. Aromatic oxidation products, despite their extremely\nlow volatility, play a minor role in NPF in the chosen urban environment but\ncan be important for particle growth and hence for the survival of newly\nformed particles. Our measurements quantitatively account for NPF in highly\ndiverse urban environments and explain its large observed variability. Such\nquantitative information obtained under controlled laboratory conditions\nwill help the interpretation of future ambient observations of NPF rates in\npolluted atmospheres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-14275-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T11:35:20Z","timestamp":1632742520000},"page":"14275-14291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Stolzenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"K\u00fcrten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Houssni","family":"Lamkaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Garmash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Mentler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4614-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Baccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7416-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu-Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrianne","family":"Lehtipalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2534-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauri R.","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4480-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rima","family":"Baalbaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0014-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulus S.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2996-3604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Brilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dexian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Duplissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Finkenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamish","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Hofbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore K.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Lampilahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan Ping","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huajun","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Makhmutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna E.","family":"Manninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruby","family":"Marten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Mathot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roy L.","family":"Mauldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Onnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Partoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1881-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuukka","family":"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joschka","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Pospisilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8970-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauriane L. J.","family":"Qu\u00e9l\u00e9ver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Rissanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried","family":"Schobesberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Schuchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Stozhkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yee Jun","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vazquez-Pufleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Weitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5539-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penglin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3797-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6301-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaozhi","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Carslaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Curtius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Volkamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard C.","family":"Flagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Kirkby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0079-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urs","family":"Baltensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2461-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imad","family":"El Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Dommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, J., Schobesberger, S.,\u2009K\u00fcrten, A., Ortega, I. K.,\nKupiainen-M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4, O., Praplan, A. P., Adamov, A., Amorim, A.,\nBianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M.,\nDownard, A., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin,\nA., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Henschel, H., Jokinen,\nT., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A.,\nKurt\u00e9n, T., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M.,\nLepp\u00e4, J., Loukonen, V., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., McGrath, M. J.,\nNieminen, T., Olenius, T., Onnela, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Riccobono, F.,\nRiipinen, I., Rissanen, M., Rondo, L., Ruuskanen, T., Santos, F. D.,\nSarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Simon, M.,\nSipil\u00e4, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tom\u00e9, A., Tr\u00f6stl, J.,\nTsagkogeorgas, G., Vaattovaara, P., Viisanen, Y., Virtanen, A., Vrtala, A.,\nWagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P.,\nYli-Juuti, T., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U.,\nWorsnop, D. R., Vehkam\u00e4ki, H., and Kirkby, J.: Molecular understanding of\nsulphuric acid-amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere, Nature,\n502, 359\u2013363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12663, 2013.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12663"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Doezema, L. A., Katzenstein, A., Meinardi,\nS., Simpson, I. J., Blake, D. R., and Sherwood Rowland, F.: Measurements of\nnonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities, Atmos. Environ., 42, 170\u2013182,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boynard, A., Borbon, A., Leonardis, T., Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Blake,\nD. R., and Locoge, N.: Spatial and seasonal variability of measured\nanthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons in urban atmospheres: Implication on\nemission ratios, Atmos. Environ., 82, 258\u2013267, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.09.039, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.09.039"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brean, J., Beddows, D. C. S., Shi, Z., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N.,\nQuerol, X., Alastuey, A., Minguill\u00f3n, M. C., and Harrison, R. M.:\nMolecular insights into new particle formation in Barcelona, Spain, Atmos.\nChem. Phys., 20, 10029\u201310045, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-20-10029-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-10029-2020"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitenlechner, M., Fischer, L., Hainer, M., Heinritzi, M., Curtius, J., and\nHansel, A.: PTR3: An instrument for studying the lifecycle of reactive\norganic carbon in the atmosphere, Anal. Chem., 89, 5824\u20135831,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b05110, 2017.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b05110"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruns, E. A., El Haddad, I., Slowik, J. G., Kilic, D., Klein, F.,\nBaltensperger, U., and Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H.: Identification of\nsignificant precursor gases of secondary organic aerosols from residential\nwood combustion, Sci. Rep., 6, 27881, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep27881, 2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27881"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, R., Yang, D., Fu, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Ma, Y., Hao, J., Zheng, J., and\nJiang, J.: Aerosol surface area concentration: a governing factor in new\nparticle formation in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12327\u201312340,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-12327-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-12327-2017"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, R., Yan, C., Yang, D., Yin, R., Lu, Y., Deng, C., Fu, Y., Ruan, J., Li,\nX., Kontkanen, J., Zhang, Q., Kangasluoma, J., Ma, Y., Hao, J., Worsnop, D.\nR., Bianchi, F., Paasonen, P., Kerminen, V., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Zheng, J.,\nKulmala, M., and Jiang, J.: Sulfuric acid\u2013amine nucleation in urban Beijing,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2457\u20132468, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-21-2457-2021, 2021.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-2457-2021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnerero, C., P\u00e9rez, N., Reche, C., Ealo, M., Titos, G., Lee, H. K.,\nEun, H. R., Park, Y. H., Dada, L., Paasonen, P., Kerminen, V. M., Mantilla,\nE., Escudero, M., G\u00f3mez-Moreno, F. J., Alonso-Blanco, E., Coz, E.,\nSaiz-Lopez, A., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Beddows, D. C. S.,\nHarrison, R. M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Kulmala, M., Ahn, K. H., Alastuey, A.,\nand Querol, X.: Vertical and horizontal distribution of regional new\nparticle formation events in Madrid, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18,\n16601\u201316618, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-16601-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-16601-2018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, A. W. H., Kautzman, K. E., Chhabra, P. S., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M.\nN., Crounse, J. D.,\u2009K\u00fcrten, A., Wennberg, P. O., Flagan, R. C., and\nSeinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of\nnaphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes: implications for oxidation of\nintermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9,\n3049\u20133060, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-3049-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3049-2009"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, T. W. and Mozurkewich, M.: Measurement of the coagulation rate\nconstant for sulfuric acid particles as a function of particle size using\ntandem differential mobility analysis, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 321\u2013339,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00081-1, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00081-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dada, L., Lehtipalo, K., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Baalbaki, R., Ahonen,\nL., Duplissy, J., Yan, C., Chu, B., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Lehtinen, K.,\nKerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., and Kangasluoma, J.: Formation and growth of\nsub-3-nm aerosol particles in experimental chambers, Nat. Protoc., 15,\n1013\u20131040, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-019-0274-z, 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0274-z"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daellenbach, K. R., Uzu, G., Jiang, J., Cassagnes, L.-E., Leni, Z., Vlachou,\nA., Stefenelli, G., Canonaco, F., Weber, S., Segers, A., Kuenen, J. J. P.,\nSchaap, M., Favez, O., Albinet, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Dommen, J.,\nBaltensperger, U., Geiser, M., El Haddad, I., Jaffrezo, J.-L., and\nPr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H.: Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and\nits oxidative potential in Europe, Nature, 587, 414\u2013419,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2902-8, 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2902-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, L., Wang, H., Zhou, L., An, J., Tang, L., Lu, C., Yan, W., Liu, R.,\nKong, S., Chen, M., Lee, S., and Yu, H.: Regional and local new particle\nformation events observed in the Yangtze River Delta region, China, J.\nGeophys. Res., 122, 2389\u20132402, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JD026030, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026030"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunne, E. M., Gordon, H., Kurten, A., Almeida, J., Duplissy, J., Williamson,\nC., Ortega, I. K., Pringle, K. J., Adamov, A., Baltensperger, U., Barmet,\nP., Benduhn, F., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Clarke, A., Curtius, J.,\nDommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Guida,\nR., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Jokinen, T., Kangasluoma, J.,\nKirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Kupc, A., Lawler, M. J., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov,\nV., Mann, G., Mathot, S., Merikanto, J., Miettinen, P., Nenes, A., Onnela,\nA., Rap, A., Reddington, C. L. S., Riccobono, F., Richards, N. A. D.,\nRissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sarnela, N., Schobesberger, S., Sengupta, K.,\nSimon, M., Sipila, M., Smith, J. N., Stozkhov, Y., Tome, A., Trostl, J.,\nWagner, P. E., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Worsnop, D. R., and Carslaw, K.\nS.: Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements,\nScience, 354, 1119\u20131124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf2649, 2016.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2649"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elser, M., El-Haddad, I., Maasikmets, M., Bozzetti, C., Wolf, R., Ciarelli,\nG., Slowik, J. G., Richter, R., Teinemaa, E., H\u00fcglin, C., Baltensperger,\nU., and Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H.: High contributions of vehicular emissions\nto ammonia in three European cities derived from mobile measurements, Atmos.\nEnviron., 175, 210\u2013220, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.11.030, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.11.030"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Weber, R. J., and Nenes, A.: High levels of ammonia do not raise\nfine particle pH sufficiently to yield nitrogen oxide-dominated sulfate\nproduction, Sci. Rep., 7, 12109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11704-0, 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11704-0"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu,\nZ., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Elucidating severe\nurban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111,\n17373\u201317378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1419604111, 2014.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419604111"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Hu, M., Peng, J., Wu, Z., Zamora, M. L., Shang, D., Du, Z., Zheng,\nJ., Fang, X., Tang, R., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Shuai, S., Zhang, W., Wang, Y.,\nJi, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, A. L., Wang, W., Zhang, F., Zhao, J., Gong, X., Wang,\nC., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Remarkable nucleation and growth of\nultrafine particles from vehicular exhaust, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,\n117, 3427\u20133432, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1916366117, 2020.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916366117"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jathar, S. H., Gordona, T. D., Hennigan, C. J., Pye, H. O. T., Pouliot, G.,\nAdams, P. J., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Unspeciated organic\nemissions from combustion sources and their influence on the secondary\norganic aerosol budget in the United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 10473\u201310478, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323740111, 2014.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323740111"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaratne, R., Pushpawela, B., He, C., Li, H., Gao, J., Chai, F., and\nMorawska, L.: Observations of particles at their formation sizes in Beijing,\nChina, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8825\u20138835, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-8825-2017,\n2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-8825-2017"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokinen, T., Sipil\u00e4, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., L\u00f6nn, G., Hakala,\nJ., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Mauldin, R. L., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.:\nAtmospheric sulphuric acid and neutral cluster measurements using\nCI-APi-TOF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4117\u20134125,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-4117-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-4117-2012"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Luosuj\u00e4rvi, L., Kotiaho, T.,\nKostiainen, R., Rohner, U., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop,\nD. R.: A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion\ncomposition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1039\u20131053,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-3-1039-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1039-2010"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S.,\nFranchin, A., Gagn\u00e9, S., Ickes, L.,\u2009K\u00fcrten, A., Kupc, A., Metzger,\nA., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wimmer,\nD., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J.,\nDownard, A., Ehn, M., Flagan, R. C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D.,\nJud, W., Junninen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo,\nK., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkil\u00e4, J.,\nMinginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P.,\nPet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipil\u00e4, M.,\nStozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tom\u00e9, A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y.,\nVrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H.&lt;span id=&quot;page14289&quot;\/&gt;, Winkler,\nP. M., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Kulmala, M.:\nRole of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric\naerosol nucleation, Nature, 476, 429\u2013435, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10343,\n2011.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10343"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkby, J., Duplissy, J., Sengupta, K., Frege, C., Gordon, H., Williamson,\nC., Heinritzi, M., Simon, M., Yan, C., Almeida, J., Tr\u00f6stl, J.,\nNieminen, T., Ortega, I. K., Wagner, R., Adamov, A., Amorim, A., Bernhammer,\nA.-K., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Chen, X., Craven, J.,\nDias, A., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Fuchs, C., Guida, R.,\nHakala, J., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kangasluoma, J., Kim,\nJ., Krapf, M., K\u00fcrten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V.,\nMathot, S., Molteni, U., Onnela, A., Per\u00e4kyl\u00e4, O., Piel, F.,\nPet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Praplan, A. P., Pringle, K., Rap, A., Richards, N. A.\nD., Riipinen, I., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sarnela, N., Schobesberger,\nS., Scott, C. E., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipil\u00e4, M., Steiner, G., Stozhkov,\nY., Stratmann, F., Tom\u00e9, A., Virtanen, A., Vogel, A. L., Wagner, A. C.,\nWagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Ye, P., Zhang,\nX., Hansel, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger,\nU., Kulmala, M., Carslaw, K. S., and Curtius, J.: Ion-induced nucleation of\npure biogenic particles, Nature, 533, 521\u2013526,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature17953, 2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17953"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontkanen, J., Lehtipalo, K., Ahonen, L., Kangasluoma, J., Manninen, H. E.,\nHakala, J., Rose, C., Sellegri, K., Xiao, S., Wang, L., Qi, X., Nie, W.,\nDing, A., Yu, H., Lee, S., Kerminen, V.-M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., and Kulmala,\nM.: Measurements of sub-3\u2009nm particles using a particle size magnifier in\ndifferent environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities,\nAtmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2163\u20132187, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-2163-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-2163-2017"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., McCormick, A. V., and Eisele, F. L.: Dependence of\nnucleation rates on sulfuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric\nlocations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10209, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JD009253,\n2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009253"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuang, C., Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Mccormick, A. V., and\nMcmurry, P. H.: An improved criterion for new particle formation in diverse\natmospheric environments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8469\u20138480,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-8469-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8469-2010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Ding, A. J., and Wang, L.:\nAtmospheric gas-to-particle conversion: Why NPF events are observed in\nmegacities?, Faraday Discuss., 200, 271\u2013288, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c6fd00257a, 2017.","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FD00257A"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcrten, A.: New particle formation from sulfuric acid and ammonia:\nNucleation and growth model based on thermodynamics derived from CLOUD\nmeasurements for a wide range of conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19,\n5033\u20135050, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-5033-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-5033-2019"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcrten, A., Bianchi, F., Almeida, J., Kupiainen-M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4, O.,\nDunne, E. M., Duplissy, J., Williamson, C., Barmet, P., Breitenlechner, M.,\nDommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Gordon, H., Hakala,\nJ., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Ickes, L., Jokinen, T., Kangasluoma, J., Kim,\nJ., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M., Makhmutov, V.,\nOnnela, A., Ortega, I. K., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Praplan, A. P., Riccobono,\nF., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Schnitzhofer, R., Schobesberger, S., Smith,\nJ. N., Steiner, G., Stozhkov, Y., Tom\u00e9, A., Tr\u00f6stl, J.,\nTsagkogeorgas, G., Wagner, P. E., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Baltensperger, U.,\nCarslaw, K., Kulmala, M., and Curtius, J.: Experimental particle formation\nrates spanning tropospheric sulfuric acid and ammonia abundances, ion\nproduction rates, and temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 121,\n12377\u201312400, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JD023908, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023908"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcrten, A., Li, C., Bianchi, F., Curtius, J., Dias, A., Donahue, N. M.,\nDuplissy, J., Flagan, R. C., Hakala, J., Jokinen, T., Kirkby, J., Kulmala,\nM., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Onnela, A., Rissanen, M.\nP., Simon, M., Sipil\u00e4, M., Stozhkov, Y., Tr\u00f6stl, J., Ye, P., and\nMcMurry, P. H.: New particle formation in the sulfuric\nacid-dimethylamine-water system: Reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements\nand comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model, Atmos. Chem.\nPhys., 18, 845\u2013863, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-845-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-845-2018"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Lehtipalo, K., Lepp\u00e4, J., Kontkanen, J., Kangasluoma, J., Franchini, A.,\nWimmer, D., Schobesberger, S., Junninen, H., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Sipil\u00e4,\nM., Mikkil\u00e4, J., Vanhanen, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Kulmala, M.: Methods\nfor determining particle size distribution and growth rates between 1 and 3\nnm using the Particle Size Magnifier, Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 15\u2013236,\n2014."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehtipalo, K., Rondo, L., Kontkanen, J., Schobesberger, S., Jokinen, T.,\nSarnela, N.,\u2009K\u00fcrten, A., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Nieminen, T.,\nRiccobono, F., Sipil\u00e4, M., Yli-Juuti, T., Duplissy, J., Adamov, A.,\nAhlm, L., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Dommen,\nJ., Downard, A. J., Dunne, E. M., Flagan, R. C., Guida, R., Hakala, J.,\nHansel, A., Jud, W., Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V. M., Keskinen, H., Kim,\nJ., Kirkby, J., Kupc, A., Kupiainen-M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4, O., Laaksonen, A.,\nLawler, M. J., Leiminger, M., Mathot, S., Olenius, T., Ortega, I. K.,\nOnnela, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Praplan, A., Rissanen, M. P., Ruuskanen, T.,\nSantos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Simon, M., Smith, J. N.,\nTr\u00f6stl, J., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Tom\u00e9, A., Vaattovaara, P.,\nVehkam\u00e4ki, H., Vrtala, A. E., Wagner, P. E., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D.,\nWinkler, P. M., Virtanen, A., Donahue, N. M., Carslaw, K. S., Baltensperger,\nU., Riipinen, I., Curtius, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Kulmala, M.: The effect of\nacid\u2013base clustering and ions on the growth of atmospheric nano-particles,\nNat. Commun., 7, 11594, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms11594, 2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11594"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehtipalo, K., Yan, C., Dada, L., Bianchi, F., Xiao, M., Wagner, R.,\nStolzenburg, D., Ahonen, L. R., Amorim, A., Baccarini, A., Bauer, P. S.,\nBaumgartner, B., Bergen, A., Bernhammer, A. K., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke,\nS., Buchholz, A., Mazon, S. B., Chen, D., Chen, X., Dias, A., Dommen, J.,\nDraper, D. C., Duplissy, J., Ehn, M., Finkenzeller, H., Fischer, L., Frege,\nC., Fuchs, C., Garmash, O., Gordon, H., Hakala, J., He, X., Heikkinen, L.,\nHeinritzi, M., Helm, J. C., Hofbauer, V., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T.,\nKangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V. M., Kim, C., Kirkby, J., Kontkanen, J.,\nK\u00fcrten, A., Lawler, M. J., Mai, H., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Molteni,\nU., Nichman, L., Nie, W., Nieminen, T., Ojdanic, A., Onnela, A., Passananti,\nM., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Piel, F., Pospisilova, V., Qu\u00e9l\u00e9ver, L. L.\nJ., Rissanen, M. P., Rose, C., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schuchmann, S.,\nSengupta, K., Simon, M., Sipil\u00e4, M., Tauber, C., Tom\u00e9, A.,\nTr\u00f6stl, J., V\u00e4is\u00e4nen, O., Vogel, A. L., Volkamer, R., Wagner, A.\nC., Wang, M., Weitz, L., Wimmer, D., Ye, P., Ylisirni\u00f6, A., Zha, Q.,\nCarslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Hansel, A.,\nRiipinen, I., Virtanen, A., Winkler, P. M., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M.,\nand Worsnop, D. R.: Multicomponent new particle formation from sulfuric\nacid, ammonia, and biogenic vapors, Sci. Adv., 4, eaau5363,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aau5363, 2018.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5363"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Tang, P., Nakao, S., and Cocker III, D. R.: Impact of molecular\nstructure on secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbon\nphotooxidation under low-NOx conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,\n10793\u201310808, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-10793-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-10793-2016"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Tong, D., Lei, Y., Liu, F., Hong, C., Kang, S., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Bo, Y., Su, H., Cheng, Y., and He, K.: Persistent growth of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China during 1990\u20132017: drivers, speciation and ozone formation potential, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8897\u20138913, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-8897-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-8897-2019"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirme, S. and Mirme, A.: The mathematical principles and design of the NAIS\n\u2013 A spectrometer for the measurement of cluster ion and nanometer aerosol\nsize distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1061\u20131071,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-6-1061-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1061-2013"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molteni, U., Bianchi, F., Klein, F., Haddad, I. El, Frege, C., Rossi, M. J.,\nDommen, J., and Baltensperger, U.: Formation of highly oxygenated organic\nmolecules from aromatic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1909\u20131921,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-1909-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-1909-2018"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myllys, N., Kube\u010dka, J., Besel, V., Alfaouri, D., Olenius, T., Smith, J.\nN., and Passananti, M.: Role of base strength, cluster structure and charge\nin sulfuric-acid-driven particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19,\n9753\u20139768, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-9753-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-9753-2019"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieminen, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: Sub-10\u2009nm particle growth\nby vapor condensation \u2013 effects of vapor molecule size and particle thermal\nspeed, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9773\u20139779, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-9773-2010,\n2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-9773-2010"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H. E., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T.,\nPlass-D\u00fclmer, C., Flentje, H., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A.,\nH\u00f5rrak, U., Metzger, A., Hamed, A., Laaksonen, A., Facchini, M. C.,\nKerminen, V. M., and Kulmala, M.: On the roles of sulphuric acid and\nlow-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new\nparticle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223\u201311242,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-11223-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11223-2010"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeifer, J., Simon, M., Heinritzi, M., Piel, F., Weitz, L., Wang, D.,\nGranzin, M., M\u00fcller, T., Br\u00e4kling, S., Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., and\nK\u00fcrten, A.: Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine compounds using\nprotonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas.\nTech., 13, 2501\u20132522, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-13-2501-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-2501-2020"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riccobono, F., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C. E., Dommen, J., Ortega, I. K.,\nRondo, L., Almeida, J., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David,\nA., Downard, A., Dunne, E. M., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C.,\nFranchin, A., Hansel, A., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A.,\nK\u00fcrten, A., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V.,\nMathot, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Praplan, A. P.,\nSantos, F. D., Schallhart, S., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipil\u00e4, M., Spracklen,\nD. V, Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tom\u00e9, A., Tsagkogeorgas, G.,\nVaattovaara, P., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E.,\nWex, H., Wimmer, D., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Kirkby,\nJ., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Baltensperger, U.: Oxidation products of\nbiogenic emissions contribute to nucleation of atmospheric particles,\nScience, 344, 717\u2013721, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1243527, 2014.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243527"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From\nAir Pollution to Climate Change, 3rd Edn., John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Ltd., Hoboken, New Jersey,\n2016."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, M., Heinritzi, M., Herzog, S., Leiminger, M., Bianchi, F., Praplan,\nA., Dommen, J., Curtius, J., and Kurten, A.: Detection of dimethylamine in\nthe low\u2009pptv range using nitrate chemical ionization atmospheric pressure\ninterface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech.,\n9, 2135\u20132145, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-9-2135-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-2135-2016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, D., Steiner, G., and Winkler, P. M.: A DMA-Train for precision\nmeasurement of sub-10\u2009nm aerosol dynamics, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10,\n1639\u20131651, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-10-1639-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-1639-2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, D., Stolzenburg, D., Simon, M., Ranjithkumar, A.,\u2009K\u00fcrten,\nA., Lehtipalo, K., Lehtipalo, K., Gordon, H., Ehrhart, S., Finkenzeller, H.,\nPichelstorfer, L., Nieminen, T., He, X. C., Brilke, S., Xiao, M., Amorim,\nA., Baalbaki, R., Baccarini, A., Beck, L., Br\u00e4kling, S., Murillo, L. C.,\nChen, D., Chu, B., Dada, L., Dias, A., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., El Haddad,\nI., Fischer, L., Carracedo, L. G., Heinritzi, M., Kim, C., Kim, C., Koenig,\nT. K., Kong, W., Lamkaddam, H., Lee, C. P., Leiminger, M., Leiminger, M.,\nLi, Z., Makhmutov, V., Manninen, H. E., Marie, G., Marten, R., M\u00fcller,\nT., Nie, W., Partoll, E., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Pfeifer, J., Philippov, M.,\nRissanen, M. P., Rissanen, M. P., R\u00f6rup, B., Schobesberger, S.,\nSchuchmann, S., Shen, J., Sipil\u00e4, M., Steiner, G., Stozhkov, Y., Tauber,\nC., Tham, Y. J., Tom\u00e9, A., Vazquez-Pufleau, M., Wagner, A. C., Wagner,\nA. C., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Weber, S. K., Wimmer, D., Wimmer, D., Wlasits, P.\nJ., Wu, Y., Ye, Q., Zauner-Wieczorek, M., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S.,\nCurtius, J., Donahue, N. M., Flagan, R. C., Hansel, A., Hansel, A., Kulmala,\nM., Lelieveld, J., Volkamer, R., Kirkby, J., Kirkby, J., and Winkler, P. M.:\nEnhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid, Atmos.\nChem. Phys., 20, 7359\u20137372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-20-7359-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7359-2020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6stl, J., Chuang, W. K., Gordon, H., Heinritzi, M., Yan, C., Molteni,\nU., Ahlm, L., Frege, C., Bianchi, F., Wagner, R., Simon, M., Lehtipalo, K.,\nWilliamson, C., Craven, J. S., Duplissy, J., Adamov, A., Almeida, J.,\nBernhammer, A.-K., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Dias, A., Ehrhart, S.,\nFlagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Fuchs, C., Guida, R., Gysel, M., Hansel, A.,\nHoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kim,\nJ., Krapf, M., K\u00fcrten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lawler, M., Leiminger, M.,\nMathot, S., M\u00f6hler, O., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T.,\nPiel, F. M., Miettinen, P., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sarnela, N.,\nSchobesberger, S., Sengupta, K., Sipil\u00e4, M., Smith, J. N., Steiner, G.,\nTom\u00e8, A., Virtanen, A., Wagner, A. C., Weingartner, E., Wimmer, D.,\nWinkler, P. M., Ye, P., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Dommen, J., Kirkby, J.,\nKulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., and Baltensperger,\nU.: The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth\nin the atmosphere, Nature, 533, 527\u2013531, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature18271,\n2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18271"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhanen, J., Mikkil\u00e4, J., Lehtipalo, K., Sipil\u00e4, M., Manninen, H.\nE., Siivola, E., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., and Kulmala, M.: Particle size magnifier\nfor nano-CN detection, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 533\u2013542,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2010.547889, 2011.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.547889"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkamer, R., Volkamer, R., Volkamer, R., Klotz, B., Klotz, B., Barnes, I.,\nImamura, T., Wirtz, K., Washida, N., Becker, K. H., and Platt, U.:\nOH-initiated oxidation of benzene: Part I. Phenol formation under\natmospheric conditions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 1598\u20131610,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b108747a, 2002.","DOI":"10.1039\/b108747a"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Chen, D., Xiao, M., Ye, Q., Stolzenburg, D., Hofbauer, V., Ye, P.,\nVogel, A. L., Mauldin, R. L., Amorim, A., Baccarini, A., Baumgartner, B.,\nBrilke, S., Dada, L., Dias, A., Duplissy, J., Finkenzeller, H., Garmash, O.,\nHe, X.-C., Hoyle, C. R., Kim, C., Kvashnin, A., Lehtipalo, K., Fischer, L.,\nMolteni, U., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Pospisilova, V., Qu\u00e9l\u00e9ver, L. L.\nJ., Rissanen, M., Simon, M., Tauber, C., Tom\u00e9, A., Wagner, A. C., Weitz,\nL., Volkamer, R., Winkler, P. M., Kirkby, J., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M.,\nBaltensperger, U., Dommen, J., El-Haddad, I., and Donahue, N. M.:\nPhoto-oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons produces low-volatility organic\ncompounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7911\u20137921,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c02100, 2020.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02100"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wu, R., Berndt, T., Ehn, M., and Wang, L.: Formation of Highly\nOxidized Radicals and Multifunctional Products from the Atmospheric\nOxidation of Alkylbenzenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 8442\u20138449,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b02374, 2017.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02374"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, L., Garmash, O., Bianchi, F., Zheng, J., Yan, C., Kontkanen, J.,\nJunninen, H., Mazon, S. B., Ehn, M., Paasonen, P., Sipil\u00e4, M., Wang, M.,\nWang, X., Xiao, S., Chen, H., Lu, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, D., Fu, Q., Geng, F.,\nLi, L., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Yang, X., Chen, J., Kerminen, V. M.,\nPet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., and Wang, L.: Atmospheric\nnew particle formation from sulfuric acid and amines in a Chinese megacity,\nScience, 361, 278\u2013281, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aao4839, 2018.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4839"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Zhou, L., Dai, L., Shen, W., Dai, W., Zheng, J., Ma, Y., and Chen,\nM.: Nucleation and growth of sub-3\u2009nm particles in the polluted urban\natmosphere of a megacity in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2641\u20132657,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-2641-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2641-2016"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/21\/14275\/2021\/acp-21-14275-2021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T13:41:09Z","timestamp":1737639669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/21\/14275\/2021\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-21-14275-2021","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2020-1323-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}}}