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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Currently, the complete chemical characterization of nanoparticles\n(&lt;\u2009100\u2009nm) represents an analytical challenge, since these particles\nare abundant in number but have negligible mass. Several methods for\nparticle-phase characterization have been recently developed to better\ndetect and infer more accurately the sources and fates of sub-100\u2009nm\nparticles, but a detailed comparison of different approaches is missing.\nHere we report on the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol\n(SOA) nanoparticles from experimental studies of \u03b1-pinene ozonolysis\nat \u221250, \u221230, and \u221210\u2009\u2218C and intercompare the results measured by different\ntechniques. The experiments were performed at the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor\nDroplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research\n(CERN). The chemical composition was measured simultaneously by four\ndifferent techniques: (1) thermal desorption\u2013differential mobility analyzer\n(TD\u2013DMA) coupled to a NO3- chemical ionization\u2013atmospheric-pressure-interface\u2013time-of-flight (CI\u2013APi\u2013TOF) mass\nspectrometer, (2) filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO) coupled to an\nI\u2212 high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer\n(HRToF-CIMS), (3) extractive electrospray Na+ ionization\ntime-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF), and (4) offline analysis of\nfilters (FILTER) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)\nand heated electrospray ionization (HESI) coupled to an Orbitrap\nhigh-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). Intercomparison was performed by\ncontrasting the observed chemical composition as a function of oxidation\nstate and carbon number, by estimating the volatility and comparing the\nfraction of volatility classes, and by comparing the thermal desorption\nbehavior (for the thermal desorption techniques: TD\u2013DMA and FIGAERO) and\nperforming positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis for the thermograms.\nWe found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds\nthat are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of\nthe organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these\ndifferences: thermal decomposition, aging, sampling artifacts, etc. We\napplied PMF analysis and found insights of thermal decomposition in the\nTD\u2013DMA and the FIGAERO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-6613-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T09:08:17Z","timestamp":1686820097000},"page":"6613-6631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An intercomparison study of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Caudillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mihnea","family":"Surdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8032-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Thoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Br\u00e4kling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7119-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Granzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Heinritzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00e9","family":"Brasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Duplissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Finkenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7416-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu-Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Houssni","family":"Lamkaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser G. 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R., Schobesberger, S., and Virtanen, A.: Deconvolution of\nFIGAERO\u2013CIMS thermal desorption profiles using positive matrix\nfactorisation to identify chemical and physical processes during particle\nevaporation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7693\u20137716, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-20-7693-2020,\n2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7693-2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bzdek, B. R., Pennington, M. R., and Johnston, M. V.: Single particle\nchemical analysis of ambient ultrafine aerosol: A review, J. Aerosol\nSci., 52, 109\u2013120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2012.05.001, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2012.05.001"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudillo, L., R\u00f6rup, B., Heinritzi, M., Marie, G., Simon, M., Wagner, A.\nC., M\u00fcller, T., Granzin, M., Amorim, A., Ataei, F., Baalbaki, R.,\nBertozzi, B., Brasseur, Z., Chiu, R., Chu, B., Dada, L., Duplissy, J.,\nFinkenzeller, H., Gonzalez Carracedo, L., He, X. C., Hofbauer, V., Kong, W.,\nLamkaddam, H., Lee, C. P., Lopez, B., Mahfouz, N. G. A., Makhmutov, V.,\nManninen, H. E., Marten, R., Massab\u00f2, D., Mauldin, R. L., Mentler, B.,\nMolteni, U., Onnela, A., Pfeifer, J., Philippov, M., Piedehierro, A. A.,\nSchervish, M., Scholz, W., Schulze, B., Shen, J., Stolzenburg, D., Stozhkov,\nY., Surdu, M., Tauber, C., Tham, Y. J., Tian, P., Tom\u00e9, A., Vogt, S.,\nWang, M., Wang, D. S., Weber, S. K., Welti, A., Yonghong, W., Yusheng, W.,\nZauner-Wieczorek, M., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., Flagan, R. C.,\nHansel, A., H\u00f6hler, K., Kirkby, J., Kulmala, M., Lehtipalo, K.,\nM\u00f6hler, O., Saathoff, H., Volkamer, R., Winkler, P. M., Donahue, N. M.,\nK\u00fcrten, A., and Curtius, J.: Chemical composition of nanoparticles from\n\u03b1-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity\nat low temperature, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099\u201317114,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2021-512-supplement"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cech, N. B. and Enke, C. G.: Practical implications of some recent studies\nin electrospray ionization fundamentals, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 20,\n362\u2013387, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mas.10008, 2001.","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.10008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtius, J., Sierau, B., Arnold, F., Baumann, R., Busen, R., Schulte, P.,\nand Schumann, U.: First direct sulfuric acid detection in the exhaust plume\nof a jet aircraft in flight, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 923\u2013926,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/98GL00512, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00512"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Ambro, E. L., Schobesberger, S., Gaston, C. J., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D.,\nLee, B. H., Liu, J., Zelenyuk, A., Bell, D., Cappa, C. D., Helgestad, T.,\nLi, Z., Guenther, A., Wang, J., Wise, M., Caylor, R., Surratt, J. D.,\nRiedel, T., Hyttinen, N., Salo, V. T., Hasan, G., Kurt\u00e9n, T., Shilling,\nJ. E., and Thornton, J. A.: Chamber-based insights into the factors\ncontrolling epoxydiol (IEPOX) secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield,\ncomposition, and volatility, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11253\u201311265,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-11253-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-11253-2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donahue, N. M., Epstein, S. A., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics, Atmos. Chem. 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