{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1778323951749,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biogeosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Cold-seep megafaunal communities around gas hydrate mounds (pingos) in the\nwestern Barents Sea (76\u2218\u2009N, 16\u2218\u2009E, \u223c400\u2009m\ndepth) were investigated with high-resolution, geographically referenced\nimages acquired with an ROV and towed camera. Four pingos associated with\nseabed methane release hosted diverse biological communities of mainly\nnonseep (background) species including commercially important fish and\ncrustaceans, as well as a species new to this area (the snow crab\nChionoecetes opilio). We attribute the presence of most benthic\ncommunity members to habitat heterogeneity and the occurrence of hard\nsubstrates (methane-derived authigenic carbonates), particularly the most\nabundant phyla (Cnidaria and Porifera), though food availability and exposure\nto a diverse microbial community is also important for certain taxa. Only one\nchemosynthesis-based species was confirmed, the siboglinid frenulate\npolychaete Oligobrachia cf. haakonmosbiensis. Overall, the\npingo communities formed two distinct clusters, distinguished by the presence\nor absence of frenulate aggregations. Methane gas advection through sediments\nwas low, below the single pingo that lacked frenulate aggregations, while\nseismic profiles indicated abundant gas-saturated sediment below the other\nfrenulate-colonized pingos. The absence of frenulate aggregations could not\nbe explained by sediment sulfide concentrations, despite these worms likely\ncontaining sulfide-oxidizing symbionts. We propose that high levels of\nseafloor methane seepage linked to subsurface gas reservoirs support an\nabundant and active sediment methanotrophic community that maintains high\nsulfide fluxes and serves as a carbon source for frenulate worms. The pingo\ncurrently lacking a large subsurface gas source and lower methane\nconcentrations likely has lower sulfide flux rates and limited amounts of\ncarbon, insufficient to support large populations of frenulates. Two\npreviously undocumented behaviors were visible through the images: grazing\nactivity of snow crabs on bacterial mats, and seafloor crawling of\nNothria conchylega onuphid polychaetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-4533-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T07:55:27Z","timestamp":1532505327000},"page":"4533-4559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Geophysical and geochemical controls on the megafaunal community of a high Arctic cold seep"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Arunima","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmelie K. L.","family":"\u00c5str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7247-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Li","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Portnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Waage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Serov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"JoLynn","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguzzi, J., Jamieson, A. J., Fujii, T., Sbragaglia, V., Costa, C., Menesatti,\nP., and Fujiwara, Y.: Shifting\nfeeding behaviour of deep-sea buccinid gastropods at natural and simulated\nfood falls, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 458, 247\u2013253, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps09758,\n2012.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09758"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrose, W. G., Panieri, G., Schneider, A., Plaza-Faverola, A., Carroll, M.\nL., \u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L., Locke, W. L., and Carroll, J.: Bivalve shell\nhorizons in seafloor pockmarks of the last glacial-interglacial transition: a\nthousand years of methane emissions in the Arctic Ocean: Past Arctic Ocean\nMethane Emissions, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 16, 4108\u20134129,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015GC005980, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC005980"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amon, D. J., Gobin, J., Van Dover, C. L.,\nLevin, L. A., Marsh, L., and Raineault, N. A.: Characterization of\nMethane-Seep Communities in a Deep-Sea Area Designated for Oil and Natural\nGas Exploitation Off Trinidad and Tobago, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 342,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2017.00342, 2017.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00342"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreassen, K., Hubbard, A., Winsborrow, M., Patton, H., Vadakkepuliyambatta,\nS., Plaza-Faverola, A., Gudlaugsson, E., Serov, P., Deryabin, A.,\nMattingsdal, R., Mienert, J., and B\u00fcnz, S.: Massive blow-out craters\nformed by hydrate-controlled methane expulsion from the Arctic seafloor,\nScience, 356, 948\u2013953, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aal4500, 2017.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4500"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnaud, F. and Bamber, R. N.: The Biology of Pycnogonida, in: Advances in\nMarine Biology, vol. 24, edited by: Blaxter, J. H. S. and Southward, A. J.,\npp. 1\u201396, Academic Press, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(08)60073-5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L., Carroll Jr., M. L., Ambrose Jr., W. G., and Carroll, M. J.: Arctic cold seeps in marine methane hydrate\nenvironments: impacts on shelf macrobenthic community structure offshore\nSvalbard, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 552, 1\u201318, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11773, 2016.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11773"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L., Oliver, P. G., and Carroll, M. L.: A new genus and\ntwo new species of Thyasiridae associated with methane seeps off Svalbard,\nArctic Ocean, Mar. Biol. Res., 13, 402\u2013416,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17451000.2016.1272699, 2017a.","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2016.1272699"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L., Carroll, M. L., Ambrose, W. G., Sen, A., Silyakova,\nA., and Carroll, J.: Methane cold seeps as biological oases in the\nhigh-Arctic deep sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 23 pp., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lno.10732,\n2017b.","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10732"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baco, A. R., Rowden, A. A., Levin, L. A., Smith, C. R., and Bowden, D. A.:\nInitial characterization of cold seep faunal communities on the New Zealand\nHikurangi margin, Mar. Geol., 272, 251\u2013259,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2009.06.015, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2009.06.015"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakke, T.: Settling of the larvae of Siboglinum fiordicum WEBB (Pogonophora)\nin the laboratory, Sarsia, 56, 57\u201370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.1974.10411262,\n1974.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1974.10411262"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakke, T.: Development of Siboglinum fiordicum Webb (Pogonophora) after\nmetamorphosis, Sarsia, 63, 65\u201373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.1977.10411323, 1977.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1977.10411323"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry, J. P., Gary Greene, H., Orange, D. L., Baxter, C. H., Robison, B. H.,\nKochevar, R. E., Nybakken, J. W., Reed, D. L.,\nand McHugh, C. M.: Biologic and geologic characteristics of cold seeps in\nMonterey Bay, California, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 43, 1739\u20131762,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0967-0637(96)00075-1, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(96)00075-1"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Barry, T., Berteaux, D., and B\u00fcltmann, H.: Arctic Biodiversity\nAssessment: status and trends in Arcitc biodiversity, The Conservation of\nArctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland, 2013."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, E. L., Cordes, E. E., Macko, S. A., and Fisher, C. R.: Importance of\nseep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in\nthe Gulf of Mexico, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 786\u2013800, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.12.006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergquist, D. C., Andras, J. P., McNelis, T., Howlett, S., Van Horn, M. J.,\nand Fisher, C. R.: Succession in Gulf of Mexico Cold Seep Vestimentiferan\nAggregations: The Importance of Spatial Variability, Mar. Ecol., 24, 31\u201344,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1439-0485.2003.03800.x, 2003.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0485.2003.03800.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, B. I.: The biology of Pandalus, in Advances in Marine Biology,\nvol. 38, 55\u2013245, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(00)38003-8"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardino, A. F., Levin, L. A., Thurber, A. R., and Smith, C. R.:\nComparative Composition, Diversity and Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna\nat Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls, PloS One, 7, e33515,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033515, 2012.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033515"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berndt, C., Feseker, T., Treude, T., Krastel, S., Liebetrau, V., Niemann, H.,\nBertics, V. J., Dumke, I., Dunnbier, K., Ferre, B.,&lt;span id=&quot;page4555&quot;\/&gt; Graves, C., Gross, F.,\nHissmann, K., Huhnerbach, V., Krause, S., Lieser, K., Schauer, J., and\nSteinle, L.: Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off\nSvalbard, Science, 343, 284\u2013287, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1246298, 2014.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246298"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackall, L. L., Wilson, B., and van Oppen, M. J. H.: Coral-the world's most\ndiverse symbiotic ecosystem, Mol. Ecol., 24, 5330\u20135347,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.13400, 2015.","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13400"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boetius, A. and Wenzh\u00f6fer, F.: Seafloor oxygen consumption fuelled by\nmethane from cold seeps, Nat. Geosci., 6, 725\u2013734, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo1926,\n2013.","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1926"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourne, D. G., Morrow, K. M., and Webster, N. S.: Insights into the Coral\nMicrobiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems, Annu.\nRev. Microbiol., 70, 317\u2013340, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095440, 2016.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095440"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden, D. A., Rowden, A. A., Thurber, A. R., Baco, A. R., Levin, L. A., and\nSmith, C. R.: Cold seep epifaunal communities on the Hikurangi margin, New\nZealand: composition, succession, and vulnerability to human activities, PloS\nOne, 8, e76869, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076869, 2013.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076869"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brattegard, T.: A new species of multitentaculate pogonophora from northern\nNorway, Sarsia, 22, 55\u201363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.1966.10409562, 1966.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1966.10409562"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budaeva, N. and Paxton, H.: Nothria and Anchinothria (Annelida: Onuphidae)\nfrom eastern Australian waters, with a discussion of ontogenetic variation of\ndiagnostic characters, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 93, 1481\u20131502,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315412001956, 2013.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315412001956"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcnz, S., Polyanov, S., Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., Consolaro, C., and\nMienert, J.: Active gas venting through hydrate-bearing sediments on the\nVestnesa Ridge, offshore W-Svalbard, Mar. Geol., 332\u2013334, 189\u2013197,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2012.09.012, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2012.09.012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas, P. and Rapp, H. T.: A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing\nAstrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new\nspecies, Zootaxa, 3253, 1\u201353, 2012.","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3253.1.1"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Carney, R. S., Haedrich, R. L., and Rowe, G. T.: Zonation of fauna in the deep\nsea, in: Deep-Sea Biology, edited by: G. T. Rowe, 97\u2013122, Harvard\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1983."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, J., Vikeb\u00f8, F., Howell, D., Broch, O. J., Nepstad, R., Augustine,\nS., Skeie, G. M., Bast, R., and Juselius, J.: Assessing impacts of simulated\noil spills on the Northeast Arctic cod fishery, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 126,\n63\u201373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.10.069, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.10.069"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman, R., Pohlman, J., Coffin, R., Chanton, J., and Lapham, L.: Thermogenic\ngas hydrates in the northern Cascadia margin, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union,\n85, 361\u2013365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004EO380001, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO380001"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claypool, G. E., Milkov, A. V., Lee, Y.-J., Torres, M. E., Borowski, W. S.,\nand Tomaru, H.: Microbial methane generation and gas transport in shallow\nsediments of an accretionary complex, southern hydrate ridge (ODP Leg 204),\noffshore Oregon, USA, available at:\nhttp:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris-search\/search.do?recordID=AV20120164748\n(last access: 28 November 2017), 2006.","DOI":"10.2973\/odp.proc.sr.204.113.2006"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cline, J. D.: Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural\nwaters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 454\u2013458, 1969.","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1969.14.3.0454"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cochrane, S. K. J., Denisenko, S. G., Renaud, P. E., Emblow, C. S., Ambrose,\nW. G., Ellingsen, I. H., and Skar\u00f0hamar, J.: Benthic macrofauna and\nproductivity regimes in the Barents Sea \u2013 Ecological implications in a\nchanging Arctic, J. Sea Res., 61, 222\u2013233,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seares.2009.01.003, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2009.01.003"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordes, E. E., Hourdez, S., Predmore, B. L., Redding, M. L., and Fisher, C.\nR.: Succession of hydrocarbon seep communities associated with the long-lived\nfoundation species Lamellibrachia luymesi, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 305,\n17\u201329, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps305017, 2005.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps305017"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordes, E. E., McGinley, M. P., Podowski, E. L., Becker, E. L.,\nLessard-Pilon, S., Viada, S. T., and Fisher, C. R.: Coral communities of the\ndeep Gulf of Mexico, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 777\u2013787,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.03.005, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.03.005"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordes, E. E., Cunha, M. R., Gal\u00e9ron, J., Mora, C., Olu-Le Roy, K.,\nSibuet, M., Van Gaever, S., Vanreusel, A., and Levin, L. A.: The influence of\ngeological, geochemical, and biogenic habitat heterogeneity on seep\nbiodiversity: Seep habitat heterogeneity, Mar. Ecol., 31, 51\u201365,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2009.00334.x, 2010.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2009.00334.x"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cr\u00e9mi\u00e8re, A., Lepland, A., Chand, S., Sahy, D., Condon, D. J., Noble,\nS. R., Martma, T., Thorsnes, T., Sauer, S., and Brunstad, H.: Timescales of\nmethane seepage on the Norwegian margin following collapse of the\nScandinavian Ice Sheet, Nat. Commun., 7, 11509, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms11509,\n2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11509"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale, A. W., Regnier, P., Knab, N. J., J\u00f8rgensen, B. B., and Van Cappellen,\nP.: Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments from the\nSkagerrak (Denmark): II. Reaction-transport modeling, Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa, 72, 2880\u20132894, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2007.11.039, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.11.039"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dando, P. R.: Biological communities at marine shallow-water vent and seep\nsites, in: The Vent and Seep Biota, 333\u2013378, Springer, Dordrecht, 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9572-5_11"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J., Southward, E. C., Lamont, P., and Harvey, R.:\nInteractions between sediment chemistry and frenulate pogonophores (Annelida)\nin the north-east Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55,\n966\u2013996, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.04.002, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.04.002"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danovaro, R.: Methods for the Study of Deep-Sea Sediments, Their Functioning\nand Biodiversity, CRC Press, 2009.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439811382"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker, C., Zorn, N., Le Bruchec, J., Caprais, J. C., Potier, N.,\nLeize-Wagner, E., Lallier, F. H., Olu, K., and Andersen, A. C.: Can the\nhemoglobin characteristics of vesicomyid clam species influence their\ndistribution in deep-sea sulfide-rich sediments? A case study in the Angola\nBasin, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 142(Supplement C),\n219\u2013232, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.11.009, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.11.009"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degen, R., J\u00f8rgensen, L. L., Ljubin, P., Ellingsen, I. H., Pehlke, H., and\nBrey, T.: Patterns and drivers of megabenthic secondary production on the\nBarents Sea shelf, J. Mar. Ecol. Prog., 546, 1\u201316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11662, 2016.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11662"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubilier, N., Bergin, C., and Lott, C.: Symbiotic diversity in marine animals:\nthe art of harnessing chemosynthesis, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 6, 725\u2013740,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1992, 2008.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1992"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Fisher, C. R.: Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine\ninvertebrates, Rev. Aquat. Sci., 2, 399\u2013436, 1990."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebruk, A. V., Krylova, E. M., Lein, A. Y., Vinogradov, G. M., Anderson, E.,\nPimenov, N. V., Cherkashev, G. A., and Crane, K.: Methane seep community of\nthe H\u00e5kon Mosby mud volcano (the Norwegian Sea): composition and trophic\naspects, Sarsia, 88, 394\u2013403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364820310003190, 2003.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364820310003190"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grupe, B. M., Krach, M. L., Pasulka, A. L., Maloney, J. M., Levin, L. A., and\nFrieder, C. A.: Methane seep ecosystem functions and services from a recently\ndiscovered southern California seep, Mar. Ecol., 36, 91\u2013108,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/maec.12243, 2015.","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12243"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, J., Hoff, U., Sztybor, K., and Rasmussen, T. L.: Taxonomy and\npalaeoecology of two Late Pleistocene species of vesicomyid bivalves from\ncold methane seeps at Svalbard (79\u2218&amp;thinsp;N), J. Molluscan Stud., 1\u201310,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mollus\/eyx014, 2017.","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyx014"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haug, T., Bogstad, B., Chierici, M., Gj\u00f8s\u00e6ter, H., Hallfredsson, E.\nH., H\u00f8ines, \u00c5. S., Hoel, A. H., Ingvaldsen, R. B., J\u00f8rgensen, L.\nL., Knutsen, T., Loeng, H., Naustvoll, L.-J., R\u00f8ttingen, I., and\nSunnan\u00e5, K.: Future harvest of living resources in the Arctic Ocean north\nof the Nordic and Barents Seas: A review of possibilities and constraints,\nFish. Res., 188(Supplement C), 38\u201357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fishres.2016.12.002,\n2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2016.12.002"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayward, P. J. and Ryland, J. S.: Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West\nEurope, OUP Oxford, Oxford, England, 1995.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540540.001.0001"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hessler, R. R., Smithey, W. M., Boudrias, M. A., Keller, C. H., Lutz, R. A.,\nand Childress, J. J.: Temporal change in megafauna at the Rose Garden\nhydrothermal vent (Galapagos Rift; Eastern tropical Pacific), Deep-Sea Res.\nPt. I, 35, 1681\u20131709, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(88)90044-1"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgs, N. D., Newton, J., and Attrill, M. J.: Caribbean Spiny Lobster Fishery\nIs Underpinned by Trophic Subsidies from Chemosynthetic Primary Production,\nCurr. Biol., 26, 3393\u20133398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.034, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.034"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hil\u00e1rio, A., Capa, M., Dahlgren, T. G., Halanych, K. M., Little, C. T.\nS., Thornhill, D. J., Verna, C., and Glover, A. G.: New perspectives on the\necology and evolution of siboglinid tubeworms, PloS One, 6, e16309,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016309, 2011.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016309"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, W.-L., Torres, M. E., Kim, J.-H., Choi, J., and Bahk, J.-J.: Towards\nquantifying the reaction network around the sulfate-methane-transition-zone\nin the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, with a kinetic modeling approach, Geochim.\nCosmochim. Acta, 140(Supplement C), 127\u2013141, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2014.05.032,\n2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.05.032"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, W.-L., Torres, M. E., Carroll, J., Cr\u00e9mi\u00e8re, A., Panieri, G.,\nYao, H., and Serov, P.: Seepage from an arctic shallow marine gas hydrate\nreservoir is insensitive to momentary ocean warming, Nat. Commun., 8,\n15745, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15745, 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15745"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, W.-L., Torres, M. E., Portnov, A., Waage, M., Haley, B., and Lepland,\nA.: Variations in Gas and Water Pulses at an Arctic Seep: Fluid Sources and\nMethane Transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018GL077309,\n2018.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077309"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovland, M. and Svensen, H.: Submarine pingoes: Indicators of shallow gas\nhydrates in a pockmark at Nyegga, Norwegian Sea, Mar. Geol., 228,\n15\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2005.12.005, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2005.12.005"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Ingvaldsen, R. B. and Loeng, H.: Physical Oceanography, in Ecosystem Barents\nSea, edited by: Sakshaug, E., Johnsen, G. H., and Kovacs, K. M., 33\u201364,\nTapir Academic Press, Trondheim, 2009."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannesen, E., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Bogstad, B., Dalpadado, P., Eriksen, E.,\nGj\u00f8s\u00e6ter, H., Knutsen, T., Skern-Mauritzen, M., and Stiansen, J. E.:\nChanges in Barents Sea ecosystem state, 1970\u20132009: climate fluctuations,\nhuman impact, and trophic interactions, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 880\u2013889,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fss046, 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss046"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, L. L., Ljubin, P., Skjoldal, H. R., Ingvaldsen, R. B.,\nAnisimova, N., and Manushin, I.: Distribution of benthic megafauna in the\nBarents Sea: baseline for an ecosystem approach to management, ICES J. Mar.\nSci., 72, 595\u2013613, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu106, 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu106"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Kim, B., Rachor, E., Sirenko, B. I., Aplonov, V., Starobogatov, Y., and Stein,\nR.: Thermal discharge points on the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Basin), Explor.\nFaunas Seas, 56, 5\u201314, 2006."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, K. and Boetius, A.: Anaerobic oxidation of methane: progress with an\nunknown process, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 63, 311\u2013334,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130, 2009.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, K., L\u00f6sekann, T., Boetius, A., Kort, R., and Amann, R.: Diversity\nand Distribution of Methanotrophic Archaea at Cold Seeps, Appl. Environ.\nMicrobiol., 71, 467\u2013479, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.71.1.467-479.2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.467-479.2005"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolb, B. and Ettre, L. S.: Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography: Theory and\nPractice, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2006.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471914584"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krylova, E. M., Gebruk, A. V., Portnova, D. A., Todt, C. and Haflidason, H.:\nNew species of the genus Isorropodon (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae: Pliocardiinae)\nfrom cold methane seeps at Nyegga (Norwegian Sea, V\u00f8ring Plateau, Storrega\nSlide), J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 91, 1135\u20131144,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S002531541100004X, 2011.","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541100004X"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"Kuzmin, C. A., Akhtarin, S. M., and Menis, D. T.: First findings of snow crab\nChionoecetes opilio (Fabricus) (Decapods: Majidae) in the Barents\nSea, Zool. J., 77, 489\u2013491, 1998."},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Kuzmin, C. A., Akhtarin, S. M., and Menis, D. T.: The first finding of snow\ncrab Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricus) (Decapoda: Majidae) in the\nBarents Sea, Can. Transl. Fish Aquat. Sci., 5667, 1\u20135, 1999."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lessard-Pilon, S., Porter, M. D., Cordes, E. E., MacDonald, I., and Fisher, C.\nR.: Community composition and temporal change at deep Gulf of Mexico cold\nseeps, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1891\u20131903,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.05.012, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.05.012"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, L. A.: Ecology of cold seep sediments: interactions of fauna with\nflow, chemistry and microbes, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 43, 1\u201346,\n2005.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420037449.ch1"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, L. A., Ziebis, W., Mendoza, G. F., Growney-Cannon, V., and Walther, S.:\nRecruitment response of methane-seep macrofauna to sulfide-rich sediments: An\nin situ experiment, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 330, 132\u2013150,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2005.12.022, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2005.12.022"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, L. A., Mendoza, G. F., Grupe, B. M., Gonzalez, J. P., Jellison, B.,\nRouse, G., Thurber, A. R., and Waren, A.: Biodiversity on the Rocks:\nMacrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps, PLoS\nONE, 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131080, 2015.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136129"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, L. A., Baco, A. R., Bowden, D. A., Colaco, A., Cordes, E. E., Cunha,\nM. R., Demopoulos, A. W. J., Gobin, J., Grupe, B. M., Le, J., Metaxas, A.,\nNetburn, A. N., Rouse, G. W., Thurber, A. R., Tunnicliffe, V., Van Dover, C.\nL., Vanreusel, A., and Watling, L.: Hydrothermal vents and methane seeps:\nrethinking the sphere of influence, Front. Mar. Sci., 3, 72,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2016.00072, 2016.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00072"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littman, R. A., Willis, B. L., Pfeffer, C., and Bourne, D. G.: Diversities of\ncoral-associated bacteria differ with location, but not species, for three\nacroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 68,\n152\u2013163, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00666.x, 2009.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00666.x"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6sekann, T., Knittel, K., Nadalig, T., Fuchs, B., Niemann, H., Boetius,\nA., and Amann, R.: Diversity and Abundance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Methane\nOxidizers at the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea, Appl. Environ.\nMicrobiol., 73, 3348\u20133362, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00016-07, 2007.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00016-07"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6sekann, T., Robador, A., Niemann, H., Knittel, K., Boetius, A., and\nDubilier, N.: Endosymbioses between bacteria and deep-sea siboglinid\ntubeworms from an Arctic Cold Seep (Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea),\nEnviron. Microbiol., 10, 3237\u20133254,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01712.x, 2008.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01712.x"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcon, Y., Sahling, H., Allais, A.-G., Bohrmann, G., and Olu, K.:\nDistribution and temporal variation of mega-fauna at the Regab pockmark\n(Northern Congo Fan), based on a comparison of videomosaics and geographic\ninformation systems analyses, Mar. Ecol., 35, 77\u201395,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/maec.12056, 2014.","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12056"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, J. W. and Haney, T. A.: Decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents\nand cold seeps: a review through 2005, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 145, 445\u2013522,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2005.00178.x, 2005.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2005.00178.x"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuzawa, T., Handa, N., Kitagawa, H., and Kusakabe, M.: Sulfate reduction\nusing methane in sediments beneath a bathyal \u201ccold seep\u201d giant clam\ncommunity off Hatsushima Island, Sagami Bay, Japan, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,\n110, 39\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0012-821X(92)90037-V, 1992.","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(92)90037-V"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meunier, C., Andersen, A. C., Bruneaux, M., Le Guen, D., Terrier, P.,\nLeize-Wagner, E., and Zal, F.: Structural characterization of hemoglobins from\nMonilifera and Frenulata tubeworms (Siboglinids): First discovery of giant\nhexagonal-bilayer hemoglobin in the former \u201cPogonophora\u201d group, Comp.\nBiochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol., 155, 41\u201348,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.010, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.010"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, K. S., Wagner, J. K. S., Ball, B., Turner, P. J., Young, C. M., and Van\nDover, C. L.: Hyalinoecia artifex: Field notes on a charismatic and abundant\nepifaunal polychaete on the US Atlantic continental margin, Invertebr. Biol.,\n135, 211\u2013224, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ivb.12132, 2016.","DOI":"10.1111\/ivb.12132"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., and\nKent, J.: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature,\n403, 853\u2013858, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35002501, 2000.","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemann, H., L\u00f6sekann, T., de Beer, D., Elvert, M., Nadalig, T., Knittel,\nK., Amann, R., Sauter, E. J., Schl\u00fcter, M., Klages, M., Foucher, J. P.,\nand Boetius, A.: Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano\nand their role as a methane sink, Nature, 443, 854\u2013858,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05227, 2006.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05227"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemann, H., Linke, P., Knittel, K., MacPherson, E., Boetius, A.,\nBr\u00fcckmann, W., Larvik, G., Wallmann, K., Schacht, U., Omoregie, E.,\nHilton, D., Brown, K., and Rehder, G.: Methane-Carbon Flow into the Benthic\nFood Web at Cold Seeps \u2013 A Case Study from the Costa Rica Subduction Zone,\nPloS One, 8, e74894, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0074894, 2013.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074894"},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries: Economic and biological figures from\nNorwegian fisheries, available at:\nhttp:\/\/www.fiskeridir.no\/Yrkesfiske\/Statistikkyrkesfiske\/Statistiske-publikasjoner\/Noekkeltall-for-de-norskefiskeriene,\nlast access: 12 December\u00a02017."},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"Norwegian Ministry of the Environment: First update of the integrated\nmanagement plan for the marine environment of the Barents Sea-Lofoten area,\nReport to the Storting (white paper), Norway, available at:\nhttps:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/contentassets\/db61759a16874cf28b2f074c9191bed8\/en-gb\/pdfs\/stm201020110010000en_pdfs.pdf (last access: 6 October 2017), 2010."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olu, K., Caprais, J. C., Gal\u00e9ron, J., Causse, R., von Cosel, R.,\nBudzinski, H., M\u00e9nach, K. L., Roux, C. L., Levach\u00e9, D., Khripounoff,\nA., and Sibuet, M.: Influence of seep emission on the non-symbiont-bearing\nfauna and vagrant species at an active giant pockmark in the Gulf of Guinea\n(Congo\u2013Angola margin), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56,\n2380\u20132393, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2009.04.017, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2009.04.017"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onarheim, I. H. and \u00c5rthun, M.: Toward an ice-free Barents Sea, Geophys.\nRes. Lett., 44, 2017GL074304, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017GL074304, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074304"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Panieri, G., Alexandropoulou, N., Bruvik, K., Carrier, V., Dessandier, P. A.,\nD\u00f8lven, K. O., Valberg, E., Fornari, D. J., Gr\u00fcndger, F., Kurras, G.\nJ., Yao, H., Holm, T., Lindgren, M., Melaniuk, K., Olsen, B. R., Ofstad, S.,\nPatton, H., Romeyn, R., Sauer, S., Sen, A., and Sert, M. F.: Cruise report\nCAGE 17-2 AMGG, Cruise report, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and\nClimate (CAGE), Troms\u00f8, 2017."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paull, C. K., Hecker, B., Commeau, R., Freeman-Lynde, R. P., Neumann, C.,\nCorso, W. P., Golubic, S., Hook, J. E., Sikes, E., and Curray, J.: Biological\ncommunities at the Florida escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa,\nScience, 226, 965\u2013967, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.226.4677.965, 1984.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.226.4677.965"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paull, C. K., Ussler, W., Dallimore, S. R., Blasco, S. M., Lorenson, T. D.,\nMelling, H., Medioli, B. E., Nixon, F. M., and McLaughlin, F. A.: Origin of\npingo-like features on the Beaufort Sea shelf and their possible relationship\nto decomposing methane gas hydrates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01603,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006GL027977, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027977"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paull, C. K., Dallimore, S. R., Caress, D. W., Gwiazda, R., Melling, H.,\nRiedel, M., Jin, Y. K., Hong, J. K., Kim, Y.-G., Graves, D., Sherman, A.,\nLundsten, E., Anderson, K., Lundsten, L., Villinger, H., Kopf, A., Johnson,\nS. B., Hughes Clarke, J., Blasco, S., Conway, K., Neelands, P., Thomas, H.,\nand C\u00f4t\u00e9, M.: Active mud volcanoes on the continental slope of the\nCanadian Beaufort Sea, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 16, 3160\u20133181,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015GC005928, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC005928"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, C. J., B\u00fcnz, S., Hustoft, S., Mienert, J., and Klaeschen, D.:\nHigh-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic imaging of gas chimney structures in gas\nhydrated sediments of an Arctic sediment drift, Mar. Pet. Geol., 27,\n1981\u20131994, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2010.06.006, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2010.06.006"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimenov, N. V., Savvichev, A. S., Rusanov, I. I., Lein, A. Y., and Ivanov, M.\nV.: Microbiological Processes of the Carbon and Sulfur Cycles at Cold Methane\nSeeps of the North Atlantic, Microbiology, 69, 709\u2013720,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026666527034, 2000.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026666527034"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pissart, A.: Pingos and palsas: A review of the present state of knowledge,\nPolar Geogr. Geol., 9, 171\u2013195, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10889378509377249, 1985.","DOI":"10.1080\/10889378509377249"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizarro, O. and Singh, H.: Toward large-area mosaicking for underwater\nscientific applications, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 28, 651\u2013672, 2003.","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2003.819154"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podowski, E. L., Moore, T. S., Zelnio, K. A., Luther, G. W., and Fisher, C.\nR.: Distribution of diffuse flow megafauna in two sites on the Eastern Lau\nSpreading Center, Tonga, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56,\n2041\u20132056, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2009.07.002"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podowski, E. L., Ma, S., Luther III, G. W., Wardrop, D., and Fisher, C. R.:\nBiotic and abiotic factors affecting distributions of megafauna in diffuse\nflow on andesite and basalt along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, Tonga,\nMar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 418, 25\u201345, 2010.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08797"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portnov, A., Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., Mienert, J., and Hubbard, A.:\nIce-sheet-driven methane storage and release in the Arctic, Nat. Commun., 7,\n10314, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10314, 2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10314"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portnova, D. A., Mokievsky, V. O., Haflidason, H., and Todt, K.: Metazoan\nmeiobenthos and nematode assemblages in the Nyegga Region of methane seepage\n(Norwegian Sea), Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 40, 255\u2013265,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S1063074014040075, 2014.","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063074014040075"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohwer, F., Seguritan, V., Azam, F., and Knowlton, N.: Diversity and\ndistribution of coral-associated bacteria, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 243, 1\u201310,\n2002.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps243001"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rybakova (Goroslavskaya), E., Galkin, S., Bergmann, M., Soltwedel, T., and\nGebruk, A.: Density and distribution of megafauna at the H\u00e5kon Mosby mud\nvolcano (the Barents Sea) based on image analysis, Biogeosciences, 10,\n3359\u20133374, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-10-3359-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-3359-2013"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahling, H., Galkin, S. V., Salyuk, A., Greinert, J., Foerstel, H.,\nPiepenburg, D., and Suess, E.: Depth-related structure and ecological\nsignificance of cold-seep communities \u2013 a case study from the Sea of\nOkhotsk, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50, 1391\u20131409, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2003.08.004,\n2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2003.08.004"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahling, H., R\u00f6mer, M., Pape, T., Berg\u00e8s, B., dos Santos Fereirra,\nC., Boelmann, J., Gepr\u00e4gs, P., Tomczyk, M., Nowald, N., Dimmler, W.,\nSchroedter, L., Glockzin, M., and Bohrmann, G.: Gas emissions at the\ncontinental margin west of Svalbard: mapping, sampling, and quantification,\nBiogeosciences, 11, 6029\u20136046, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-11-6029-2014,\n2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-6029-2014"},{"key":"ref103","unstructured":"Sakshaug, E., Johnsen, G., Kristensen, E., von Quildfeldt, C., Rey, F.,\nSlagstad, D., and Thingstad, F.: Phytoplankton and primary production, in:\nEcossytem Barents Sea, edited by: Sakshaug, E., Johnsen, G., and Kovacs, K.\nM., 167\u2013208, Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, 2009."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarrazin, J., Juniper, S. K., Massoth, G., and Legendre, P.: Physical and\nchemical factors influencing species distributions on hydrothermal sulfide\nedifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,\n190, 89\u2013112, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps190089, 1999.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps190089"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabrook, S., C. De Leo, F., Baumberger, T., Raineault, N., and Thurber, A.\nR.: Heterogeneity of methane seep biomes in the Northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea\nRes. Pt. II, 150, 195\u2013209, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.10.016, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.10.016"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellanes, J., Quiroga, E., and Neira, C.: Megafauna community structure and\ntrophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepci\u00f3n Methane Seep\nArea, Chile, \u223c36\u2218&amp;thinsp;S, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65, 1102\u20131111,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsn099, 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsn099"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, A., Becker, E. L., Podowski, E. L., Wickes, L. N., Ma, S., Mullaugh, K.\nM., Hourdez, S., Luther III, G. W., and Fisher, C. R.: Distribution of mega\nfauna on sulfide edifices on the Eastern Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa\nRidge, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 72, 48\u201360, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2012.11.003, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2012.11.003"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, A., Podowski, E. L., Becker, E. L., Shearer, E. A., Gartman, A.,\nY\u00fccel, M., Hourdez, S., Luther III, G. W., and Fisher, C. R.: Community\nsuccession in hydrothermal vent habitats of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center\nand Valu Fa Ridge, Tonga, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 1510\u20131528,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.2014.59.5.1510, 2014.","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2014.59.5.1510"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, A., Kim, S., Miller, A. J., Hovey, K. J., Hourdez, S., Luther, G. W.,\nand Fisher, C. R.: Peripheral communities of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center\nand Valu Fa Ridge: community composition, temporal change and comparison to\nnear-vent communities, Mar. Ecol., 37, 599\u2013617, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/maec.12313,\n2016.","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12313"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, A., Dennielou, B., Tourolle, J., Arnaubec, A., Rabouille, C., and Olu,\nK.: Fauna and habitat types driven by turbidity currents in the lobe complex\nof the Congo deep-sea fan, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 142, 167\u2013179,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.05.009, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.05.009"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seri\u00e9, C., Huuse, M., and Sch\u00f8dt, N. H.: Gas hydrate pingoes: Deep\nseafloor evidence of focused fluid flow on continental margins, Geology, 40,\n207\u2013210, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/G32690.1, 2012.","DOI":"10.1130\/G32690.1"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serov, P., Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., Mienert, J., Patton, H., Portnov, A.,\nSilyakova, A., Panieri, G., Carroll, M. L., Carroll, J., Andreassen, K., and\nHubbard, A.: Postglacial response of Arctic Ocean gas hydrates to climatic\namelioration, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 6215\u20136220,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1619288114, 2017.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619288114"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siboni, N., Ben-Dov, E., Sivan, A., and Kushmaro, A.: Global distribution and\ndiversity of coral-associated Archaea and their possible role in the coral\nholobiont nitrogen cycle, Environ. Microbiol., 10, 2979\u20132990,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01718.x, 2008.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01718.x"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibuet, M. and Olu, K.: Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of\ndeep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins, Deep-Sea Res.\nPt. II, 45, 517\u2013567, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0967-0645(97)00074-X, 1998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(97)00074-X"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibuet, M. and Olu-Le Roy, K.: Cold Seep Communities on Continental Margins:\nStructure and Quantitative Distribution Relative to Geological and Fluid\nVenting Patterns, in: Ocean Margin Systems, 235\u2013251, Springer, Berlin,\nHeidelberg, 2002.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05127-6_15"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, H., Howland, J., and Pizarro, O.: Advances in large-area\nphotomosaicking underwater, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 29, 872\u2013886,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JOE.2004.831619, 2004.","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.831619"},{"key":"ref117","unstructured":"Sirenko, B. I., Petryashev, V. V., Rachor, E., and Hinz, K.: Bottom\nbiocoenoses of the Laptev Sea and adjacent areas, Berichte Zur Polarforsch,\n176, 211\u2013221, 1995."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnov, R. V.: Two new species of Pogonophora from the Arctic mud volcano\noff northwestern Norway, Sarsia, 85, 141\u2013150,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.2000.10414563, 2000.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.2000.10414563"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnov, R. V.: A revision of the Oligobrachiidae (Annelida: Pogonophora),\nwith notes on the morphology and distribution of Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis Smirnov, Mar. Biol. Res., 10, 972\u2013982,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17451000.2013.872799, 2014.","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2013.872799"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, A. J. and Southward, E. C.: Observations on the role of dissolved\norganic compounds in the nutrition of benthic invertebrates, Sarsia, 45,\n69\u201396, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.1970.10411184, 1970.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1970.10411184"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, A. J., Southward, E. C., Brattegard, T., and Bakke, T.: Further\nexperiments on the value of dissolved organic matter as food for\nSiboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora), J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 59,\n133\u2013148, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315400046233, 1979.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400046233"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, A. J., Southward, E. C., Dando, P. R., Rau, G. H., Felbeck, H.,\nand Fl\u00fcgel, H.: Bacterial symbionts and low 13C\/12C ratios in tissues of\nPogonophora indicate unusual nutrition and metabolism, Nature, 293, 616\u2013619,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/293616a0, 1981.","DOI":"10.1038\/293616a0"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, E. C.: Bacterial Symbionts in Pogonophora, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.\nUK, 62, 889\u2013906, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315400044131, 1982.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400044131"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, E. C.: Development of perviata and vestimentifera (pogonophora),\nin Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids, 185\u2013202,\nSpringer, available at:\nhttp:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-2887-4_10 (last\naccess: 12 September 2017), 1999.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2887-4_10"},{"key":"ref125","unstructured":"Southward, E. C.: Class Pogonophora, in Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern\nSyntehsis Fauna of Australia, vol. 4A, edited by: Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. L.\nB., and Glasby, C. J., 331\u2013351, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 2000."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southward, E. C., Schulze, A., and Gardiner, S. L.: Pogonophora (Annelida):\nform and function, Hydrobiologia, 535\u2013536, 227\u2013251, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-004-4401-6"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenstrup, E. and Tendal, O. S.: The genus Thenea (Porifera, Demospongia,\nChoristida) in the Norwegian sea and adjacent waters; an annotated key,\nSarsia, 67, 259\u2013268, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00364827.1982.10421340, 1982.","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1982.10421340"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suess, E. and Whiticar, M. J.: Methane-derived CO2 in pore fluids\nexpelled from the Oregon subduction zone, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.\nPalaeoecol., 71, 119\u2013136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-0182(89)90033-3, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(89)90033-3"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sztybor, K. and Rasmussen, T. L.: Diagenetic disturbances of marine\nsedimentary records from methane-influenced environments in the Fram Strait\nas indications of variation in seep intensity during the last 35&amp;thinsp;000\u00a0years,\nBoreas, 46, 212\u2013228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bor.12202, 2017.","DOI":"10.1111\/bor.12202"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamelander, T., Renaud, P. E., Hop, H., Carroll Jr., M. L., Ambrose Jr., W.\nG., and Hobson, K. A.: Trophic relationships and pelagic\u2013benthic coupling\nduring summer in the Barents Sea Marginal Ice Zone, revealed by stable carbon\nand nitrogen isotope measurements, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 310, 33\u201346,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps310033, 2006.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps310033"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurber, A. R., Kr\u00f6ger, K., Neira, C., Wiklund, H., and Levin, L. A.:\nStable isotope signatures and methane use by New Zealand cold seep benthos,\nMar. Geol., 272, 260\u2013269, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2009.06.001, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2009.06.001"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urcuyo, I. A., Massoth, G. J., Julian, D., and Fisher, C. R.: Habitat, growth\nand physiological ecology of a basaltic community of Ridgeia piscesae from\nthe Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50, 763\u2013780,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0967-0637(03)00061-X, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(03)00061-X"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacelet, J. and Donadey, C.: Electron microscope study of the association\nbetween some sponges and bacteria, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 30, 301\u2013314,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-0981(77)90038-7, 1977.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(77)90038-7"},{"key":"ref134","unstructured":"Vadakkepuliyambatta, S.: Sub-seabed fluid-flow systems and gas hydrates of\nthe SW Barents Sea and North Sea margins, available at:\nhttp:\/\/munin.uit.no\/handle\/10037\/6198 (last access: 15 January 2016),\n2014."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentine, D. L.: Emerging Topics in Marine Methane Biogeochemistry, Annu.\nRev. Mar. Sci., 3, 147\u2013171, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142734, 2011.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142734"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallmann, K., Aloisi, G., Haeckel, M., Obzhirov, A., Pavlova, G., and\nTishchenko, P.: Kinetics of organic matter degradation, microbial methane\ngeneration, and gas hydrate formation in anoxic marine sediments, Geochim.\nCosmochim. Acta, 70, 3905\u20133927, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2006.06.003, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.06.003"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wassmann, P., Duarte, C. M., Agust\u00ed, S., and Sejr, M. K.: Footprints of\nclimate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 17,\n1235\u20131249, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02311.x, 2011.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02311.x"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegley, L., Yu, Y., Breitbart, M., Casas, V., Kline, D. I., and Rohwer, F.:\nCoral-associated Archaea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 273, 89\u201396, 2004.","DOI":"10.3354\/meps273089"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0119s\u0142awski, J. M., Kendall, M. A., W\u0142odarska-Kowalczuk, M., Iken, K.,\nK\u0119dra, M., Legezynska, J., and Sejr, M. K.: Climate change effects on\nArctic fjord and coastal macrobenthic diversity \u2013 observations and\npredictions, Mar. Biodivers., 41, 71\u201385, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12526-010-0073-9,\n2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-010-0073-9"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westbrook, G. K., Thatcher, K. E., Rohling, E. J., Piotrowski, A. M.,\nP\u00e4like, H., Osborne, A. H., Nisbet, E. G., Minshull, T. A.,\nLanoisell\u00e9, M., James, R. H., H\u00fchnerbach, V., Green, D., Fisher, R.\nE., Crocker, A. J., Chabert, A., Bolton, C., Beszczynska-M\u00f6ller, A.,\nBerndt, C., and Aquilina, A.: Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the\nWest Spitsbergen continental margin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15608,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009GL039191, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039191"}],"container-title":["Biogeosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bg.copernicus.org\/articles\/15\/4533\/2018\/bg-15-4533-2018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T12:16:16Z","timestamp":1738412176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bg.copernicus.org\/articles\/15\/4533\/2018\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-15-4533-2018","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-SC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-SC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/bg-2017-540-RC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1726-4189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1726-4189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]]}}}