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Surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements are used to compute the oceanic air\u2013sea CO2 flux. The CO2 flux component\nfrom rivers and estuaries is uncertain due to the high spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of CO2 in coastal waters. Existing high-quality\nCO2 instrumentation predominantly utilises showerhead and percolating style equilibrators optimised for open-ocean observations. The intervals between measurements made with such instrumentation make it difficult to resolve the fine-scale spatial variability of surface water\nCO2 at timescales relevant to the high frequency variability in estuarine and coastal environments. Here we present a novel dataset with\nunprecedented frequency and spatial resolution transects made at the Western Channel Observatory in the south-west of the UK from June to September\n2016, using a fast-response seawater CO2 system. Novel observations were made along the estuarine\u2013coastal continuum at different stages of\nthe tide and reveal distinct spatial patterns in the surface water CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at different stages of the tidal\ncycle. Changes in salinity and fCO2 were closely correlated at all stages of the tidal cycle and suggest that the mixing of oceanic\nand riverine endmembers partially determines the variations in fCO2. The correlation between salinity and fCO2\nwas different in Cawsand Bay, which could be due to enhanced gas exchange or to enhanced biological activity in the region. The observations\ndemonstrate the complex dynamics determining spatial and temporal patterns of salinity and fCO2 in the region. Spatial variations\nin observed surface salinity were used to validate the output of a regional high-resolution hydrodynamic model. The model enables a novel estimate\nof the air\u2013sea CO2 flux in the estuarine\u2013coastal zone. Air\u2013sea CO2 flux variability in the estuarine\u2013coastal boundary region is\ninfluenced by the state of the tide because of strong CO2 outgassing from the river plume. The observations and model output demonstrate\nthat undersampling the complex tidal and mixing processes characteristic of estuarine and coastal environment biases quantification of air\u2013sea\nCO2 fluxes in coastal waters. The results provide a mechanism to support critical national and regional policy implementation by reducing\nuncertainty in carbon budgets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-1657-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T08:19:13Z","timestamp":1648023553000},"page":"1657-1674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters  in the western English Channel is a control  on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bedington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9654-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vassilis","family":"Kitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen S.","family":"Findlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Fishwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abril, G., Bouillon, S., Darchambeau, F., Teodoru, C. 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