{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:35:56Z","timestamp":1772260556676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Syst. Sci. Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Climate variability in the North Atlantic sector is commonly ascribed to the\nNorth Atlantic Oscillation. However, recent studies have shown that taking\ninto account the second and third mode of variability (namely the East\nAtlantic \u2013 EA \u2013 and the Scandinavian \u2013 SCA \u2013 patterns) greatly improves\nour understanding of their controlling mechanisms, as well as their impact on\nclimate. The most commonly used EA and SCA indices span the period from 1950\nto present, which is too short, for example, to calibrate palaeoclimate\nrecords or assess their variability over multi-decadal scales. To tackle\nthis, here, we create new EOF-based (empirical orthogonal function) monthly\nEA and SCA indices covering the period from 1851 to present, and compare them\nwith their equivalent instrumental indices. We also review and discuss the\nvalue of these new records and provide insights into the reasons why\ndifferent sources of data may give slightly different time series.\nFurthermore, we demonstrate that using these patterns to explain climate\nvariability beyond the winter season needs to be done carefully due to their\nnon-stationary behaviour. The datasets are available at\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1594\/PANGAEA.892769.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2329-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T07:50:31Z","timestamp":1545378631000},"page":"2329-2344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Reconciling North Atlantic climate modes: revised monthly indices for the East Atlantic and the Scandinavian patterns beyond the 20th century"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Comas-Bru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armand","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Aguilar, E., Auer, I., Brunet, M., Peterson, T., and Wieringa, J.: Guidelines\non climate metadata and homogenization. World Climate Programme Data and\nMonitoring WCDMP-No. 53, WMO-TD No. 1186, World Meteorological Organization,\nGeneva, 55\u00a0pp., 2003."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnston, A. G. and Livezey, R. E.: Classification, Seasonality and\nPersistence of Low-Frequency Atmospheric Circulation Patterns, Mon. Weather\nRev., 115, 1083\u20131126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0493(1987)115&amp;lt;1083:CSAPOL&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2,\n1987.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, A., Janssens, I. A., Gouveia, C. M., Trigo, R. M., Ciais, P.,\nChevallier, F., Pe\u00f1uelas, J., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Piao, S.,\nFriedlingstein, P., and Running, S. W.: European land CO2 sink influenced\nby NAO and East-Atlantic Pattern coupling, Nat. Commun., 7, 10315,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10315, 2016.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10315"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blade, I., Liebmann, B., Fortuny, D., and van Oldenborgh, G. J.: Observed and\nsimulated impacts of the summer NAO in Europe: implications for projected\ndrying in the Mediterranean region, Clim. Dynam., 39, 709\u2013727,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-011-1195-x, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1195-x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueh, C. and Nakamura, H.: Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact, Q.\nJ. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 2117\u20132131, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.173,\n2007.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.173"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chafik, L., Nilsen, J. E. \u00d8., and Dangendorf, S.: Impact of North Atlantic\nTeleconnection Patterns on Northern European Sea Level, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 5,\n43, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse5030043, 2017.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse5030043"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comas-Bru, L. and Hern\u00e1ndez, A.: Reconciling North Atlantic climate\nmodes: Revised monthly indices for the East Atlantic and the Scandinavian\npatterns beyond the 20th century, PANGAEA, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1594\/PANGAEA.892769,\n2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comas-Bru, L. and McDermott, F.: Impacts of the EA and SCA patterns on the\nEuropean twentieth century NAO-winter climate relationship, Q. J. Roy.\nMeteorol. Soc., 140, 354\u2013363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.2158, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2158"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comas-Bru, L., McDermott, F., and Werner, M.: The effect of the East Atlantic\npattern on the precipitation delta O-18-NAO relationship in Europe, Clim.\nDynam., 47, 2059\u20132069, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-015-2950-1, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2950-1"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N. , Allan, R. J.,\nYin, X. , Gleason, B. E., Vose, R. S., Rutledge, G. , Bessemoulin, P. ,\nBr\u00f6nnimann, S. , Brunet, M. , Crouthamel, R. I., Grant, A. N., Groisman,\nP. Y., Jones, P. D., Kruk, M. C., Kruger, A. C., Marshall, G. J., Maugeri,\nM., Mok, H. Y., Nordli, \u00d8., Ross, T. F., Trigo, R. M., Wang, X. L.,\nWoodruff, S. D., and Worley, S. J.: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project,\nQ. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1\u201328, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.776, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.776"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"CPC: Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns, Climate Prediction Centre,\nUS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, available at:\nhttp:\/\/www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/data\/teledoc\/telecontents.shtml (last\naccess: 26 February 2018), 2012."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cradden, L. C. and McDermott, F.: A weather regime characterisation of Irish\nwind generation and electricity demand in winters 2009\u201311, Environ. Res.\nLett., 13, 054022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aabd40, 2018.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aabd40"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crasemann, B., Handorf, D., Jaiser, R., Dethloff, K., Nakamura, T., Ukita,\nJ., and Yamazaki, K.: Can preferred atmospheric circulation patterns over the\nNorth-Atlantic-Eurasian region be associated with arctic sea ice loss?, Polar\nSci., 14, 9\u201320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polar.2017.09.002, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2017.09.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cropper, T., Hanna, E., Valente, M. A., and J\u00f3nsson, T.: A daily\nAzores\u2013Iceland North Atlantic Oscillation index back to 1850, Geosci. Data\nJ., 2, 12\u201324, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gdj3.23, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.23"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,\nKobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,\nBechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, I., Biblot, J., Bormann, N.,\nDelsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Greer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.\nB., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M.,\nMatricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Mong-Sanz, B. M., Morcette, J.-J., Park,\nB.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., and Vitart,\nF.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data\nassimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553\u2013597,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.828, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dommenget, D. and Latif, M.: A cautionary note on the interpretation of EOFs,\nJ. Climate, 15, 216\u2013225,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015&amp;lt;0216:ACNOTI&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0216:ACNOTI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebisuzaki, W.: A method to estimate the statistical significance of a\ncorrelation when the data are serially correlated, J. Climate, 10,\n2147\u20132153, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010&amp;lt;2147:AMTETS&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2,\n1997.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<2147:AMTETS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folland, C. K., Knight, J., Linderholm, H. W., Fereday, D., Ineson, S., and\nHurrell, J. W.: The Summer North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, Present, and\nFuture, J. Climate, 22, 1082\u20131103, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2008JCLI2459.1, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2459.1"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, M., Wright, J. S., Manney, G. L., Gray, L. J., Anstey, J., Birner,\nT., Davis, S., Gerber, E. P., Harvey, V. L., Hegglin, M. I., Homeyer, C. R.,\nKnox, J. A., Kr\u00fcger, K., Lambert, A., Long, C. S., Martineau, P., Molod,\nA., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Santee, M. L., Tegtmeier, S., Chabrillat, S., Tan, D.\nG. H., Jackson, D. R., Polavarapu, S., Compo, G. P., Dragani, R., Ebisuzaki,\nW., Harada, Y., Kobayashi, C., McCarty, W., Onogi, K., Pawson, S., Simmons,\nA., Wargan, K., Whitaker, J. S., and Zou, C.-Z.: Introduction to the SPARC\nReanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis\nsystems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417\u20131452,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1417-2017"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, R. J. and Hanna, E.: North Atlantic circulation indices: links with\nsummer and winter UK temperatures and precipitation and implications for\nseasonal forecasting, Int. J. Climatol., 38, e660\u2013e677,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.5398, 2018.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5398"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Lister, D. H.: Updated\nhigh-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations \u2013 the CRU TS3.10\nDataset, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623\u2013642, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.3711, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Kutiel, H., Trigo, R. M., Valente, M. A., Sigr\u00f3, J.,\nCropper, T., and Esp\u00edrito-Santo, F.: New Azores archipelago daily\nprecipitation dataset and its links with large-scale modes of climate\nvariability, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 4439\u20134454,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.4642, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4642"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the north atlantic oscillation: regional\ntemperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676\u2013679,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.269.5224.676, 1995.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5224.676"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, J. W. and Deser, C.: North Atlantic climate variability: The role of\nthe North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Marine Syst., 79, 231\u2013244,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.11.026, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2009.11.002"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, J. W. and van Loon, H.: Decadal variations in climate associated\nwith the north Atlantic oscillation, Clim. Change, 36, 301\u2013326,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005314315270, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8905-5_4"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., and Visbeck, M. (Eds.): An\nOverview of the North Atlantic Oscillation, in: The North Atlantic\nOscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophysical\nMonograph Series, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/134GM01, 2013.","DOI":"10.1029\/134GM01"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerez, S. and Trigo, R. M.: Time-scale and extent at which large-scale\ncirculation modes determine the wind and solar potential in the Iberian\nPeninsula, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 044035,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044035, 2013.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044035"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, P. D., J\u00f3nsson, T., and Wheeler, D.: Extension to the North\nAtlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from\nGibraltar and south-west Iceland, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433\u20131450,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(19971115)17:13&amp;lt;1433::AID-JOC203&amp;gt;3.0.CO;2-P,\n1997.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(19971115)17:13<1433::AID-JOC203>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josey, S. A. and Marsh, R.: Surface freshwater flux variability and recent\nfreshening of the North Atlantic in the eastern subpolar gyre, J. Geophys.\nRes.-Oceans, 110, C05008, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JC002521, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002521"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L.,\nIredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M.,\nEbisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang,\nJ., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP\/NCAR\n40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437\u2013472,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077&amp;lt;0437:TNYRP&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 1996.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein Tank, A. M., Wijngaard, J. B., K\u00f6nnen, G. P., B\u00f6hm, R.,\nDemar\u00e9e, G., Gocheva, A., Mileta, M., Pashiardis, S., Hejkrlik, L.,\nKern-Hansen, C., Heino, R., Bessemoulin, P., M\u00fcller-Westermeier, G.,\nTzanakou, M., Szalai, S., P\u00e1lsd\u00f3ttir, T., Fitzgerald, D., Rubin, S.,\nCapaldo, M., Maugeri, M., Leitass, A., Bukantis, A., Aberfeld, R., van\nEngelen, A. F., Forland, E., Mietus, M., Coelho, F., Mares, C., Razuvaev, V.,\nNieplova, E., Cegnar, T., Antonio L\u00f3pez, J., Dahlstr\u00f6m, B., Moberg,\nA., Kirchhofer, W., Ceylan, A., Pachaliuk, O., Alexander, L. V., and\nPetrovic, P.: Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and\nprecipitation series for the European Climate Assessment, Int. J. Climatol.,\n22, 1441\u20131453, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.773, 2002.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.773"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehner, F., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F.: Testing the robustness of a\nprecipitation proxy-based North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction,\nQuaternary Sci. Rev., 45, 85\u201394, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.04.025,\n2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.04.025"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.-K.: The East Atlantic\/West Russia (EA\/WR) teleconnection in the North\nAtlantic: climate impact and relation to Rossby wave propagation, Clim.\nDynam., 44, 3211\u20133222, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-014-2381-4, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2381-4"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, G. W. K. and Renfrew, I. A.: Cold European winters: interplay between\nthe NAO and the East Atlantic mode, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 13, 1\u20138,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asl.356, 2012.","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.356"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, G. W. K., Pickart, R. S., and Renfrew, I. A.: Complexities in the\nclimate of the subpolar North Atlantic: a case study from the winter of 2007,\nQ. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 757\u2013767, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.778,\n2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.778"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, G. W. K., Renfrew, I. A., and Pickart, R. S.: Multidecadal Mobility of\nthe North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate, 26, 2453\u20132466,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00023.1, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00023.1"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"North, G. R., Bell, T. L., Cahalan, R. F., and Moeng, F. J.: Sampling Errors\nin the Estimation of Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Mon. Weather Rev., 110,\n699\u2013706, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110&amp;lt;0699:SEITEO&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2,\n1982.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pielke, R. J., Prins, G., Rayner, S., and Sarewitz, D.: Lifting the taboo on\nadaptation, Nature, 445, 597\u2013598, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/445597a, 2007.","DOI":"10.1038\/445597a"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, J. G. and Raible, C. C.: Past and recent changes in the North Atlantic\noscillation, WIRES Clim. Change, 3, 79\u201390, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcc.150,\n2012.","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.150"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Dee, D. P., Berrisford, P., Simmons, A. J., Vitart,\nF., Laloyaux, P., Tan, D. G. H., Peubey, C., Th\u00e9paut, J.-N.,\nTr\u00e9molet, Y., H\u00f3lm, E. V., Bonavita, M., Isaksen, L., and Fisher, M.:\nERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century, J. Climate, 29,\n4083\u20134097, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0556.1, 2016.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0556.1"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Puebla, C. and Nieto, S.: Trends of precipitation over the\nIberian Peninsula and the North Atlantic Oscillation under climate change\nconditions, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1807\u20131815,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.2035, 2010.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2035"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, J. C.: The Association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the\nSouthern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 112,\n1999\u20132015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0493(1984)112&amp;lt;1999:TABTNA&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2,\n1984","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1984)112<1999:TABTNA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roundy, P. E.: On the interpretation of EOF analysis of ENSO, atmospheric\nKelvin waves, and the MJO, J. Climate, 28, 1148\u20131165,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00398.1, 2015.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00398.1"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherrer, S. C., Appenzeller, C., Liniger, M. A., and Sch\u00e4r, C.: European\ntemperature distribution changes in observations and climate change\nscenarios, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19705,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005GL024108, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024108"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Trenberth, K. E. and Jones, P. D.: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric\nClimate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trewin, B.: Exposure, instrumentation, and observing practice effects on land\ntemperature measurements, WIRES Clim. Change, 1, 490\u2013506,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcc.46, 2010.","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.46"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uppala, S. M., K\u00e5llberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Da Costa\nBechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J.K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly,\nG. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Anderson,\nE., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van De Berg, L., Bidlot,\nJ., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M.,\nFisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., H\u00f3lm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen,\nL., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A. P., Mahfouf, J.-F.,\nMorcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A.,\nTrenbreth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.:\nThe ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961\u20133012,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1256\/qj.04.176, 2005.","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.176"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, J. M. and Gutzler, D. S.: Teleconnections in the Geopotential Height\nField during the Northern Hemisphere Winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 109,\n784\u2013812, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0493(1981)109&amp;lt;0784:TITGHF&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2,\n1981.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1981)109<0784:TITGHF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Wallbrink, H., Koek, F., and Brandsma, T.: The US Maury Collection Metadata\n1796\u20131861, KNMI-225\/HISKLIM-11, available at:\nhttp:\/\/bibliotheek.knmi.nl\/knmipubmetnummer\/knmipub225.pdf (last\naccess: 5 December 2018), 2009."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. H., Magnusdottir, G., Stern, H., Tian, X., and Yu, Y. M.:\nUncertainty Estimates of the EOF-Derived North Atlantic Oscillation, J.\nClimate, 27, 1290\u20131301, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00230.1, 2014.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00230.1"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanner, H., Bronnimann, S., Casty, C., Gyalistras, D., Luterbacher, J.,\nSchmutz, C., Stephenson, D. B., and Xoplaki, E.: North Atlantic Oscillation\n\u2013 Concepts and studies, Surv. Geophys., 22, 321\u2013382,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014217317898, 2001.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014217317898"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodruff, S. D., Diaz, H. F., Worley, S. J., Reynolds, R. W., and Lubker, S.\nJ.: Early ship observational data and ICOADS, Clim. Change, 73, 169\u2013194,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-005-3456-3, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-3456-3"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woollings, T., Hannachi, A., Hoskins, B., and Turner, A.: A Regime View of\nthe North Atlantic Oscillation and Its Response to Anthropogenic Forcing, J.\nClimate, 23, 1291\u20131307, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009JCLI3087.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI3087.1"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubiate, L., McDermott, F., Sweeney, C., and O'Malley, M.: Spatial\nvariability in winter NAO-wind speed relationships in western Europe linked\nto concomitant states of the East Atlantic and Scandinavian patterns, Q. J.\nRoy. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 552\u2013562, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.2943, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2943"}],"container-title":["Earth System Science Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/10\/2329\/2018\/essd-10-2329-2018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T08:52:24Z","timestamp":1738399944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/10\/2329\/2018\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-10-2329-2018","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essd-2018-86-AC2","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1594\/PANGAEA.892769","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1866-3516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-3516","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]}}}