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Sci. Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme wildfires globally, yet our understanding of these high-impact events remains uneven and shaped by media attention and regional research biases. The State of Wildfires project systematically tracks global and regional fire activity of each annual fire season, analyses the causes of prominent extreme wildfire events, and projects the likelihood of similar events occurring in future climate scenarios. This, its second annual report, covers the March 2024 to February 2025 fire season. During the 2024\u20132025 fire season, fire-related carbon (C) emissions totalled 2.2\u2009Pg\u2009C, 9\u2009% above average and the sixth highest on record since 2003, despite below-average global burned area (BA). Extreme fire seasons in South America's rainforests, dry forests, and wetlands and in Canada's boreal forests pushed up the global C emissions total. Fire C emissions were over 4 times above average in Bolivia, 3 times above average in Canada, and \u223c\u200950\u2009% above average in Brazil and Venezuela. Wildfires in 2024\u20132025 caused 100 fatalities in Nepal, 34 in South Africa, and 31 in Los Angeles, with additional fatalities reported in Canada, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Portugal, and T\u00fcrkiye. The Eaton and Palisades fires in Southern California caused 150\u2009000 evacuations and USD\u2009140 billion in damages. Communities in Brazil, Bolivia, Southern California, and northern India were exposed to fine particulate matter at concentrations 13\u201360 times WHO's daily air quality standards. We evaluated the causes and predictability of four extreme wildfire episodes from the 2024\u20132025 fire season, including in Northeast Amazonia (January\u2013March\u00a02024), the Pantanal\u2013Chiquitano border regions of Brazil and Bolivia (August\u2013September\u00a02024), Southern California (January 2025), and the Congo Basin (July\u2013August\u00a02024). Anomalous weather created conditions for these regional extremes, while fuel availability and human ignitions shaped spatial patterns and temporal fire dynamics. In the three tropical regions, prolonged drought was the dominant fire enabler, whereas in California, extreme heat, wind, and antecedent fuel build-up were compounding enablers. Our attribution analyses show that climate change made extreme fire weather in Northeast Amazonia 30\u201370 times more likely, increasing BA roughly 4-fold compared to a scenario without climate change. In the Pantanal\u2013Chiquitano, fire weather was 4\u20135 times more likely, with 35-fold increases in BA. Meanwhile, our analyses suggest that BA was 25 times higher in Southern California due to climate change. The Congo Basin's fire weather was 3\u20138 times more likely with climate change, with a 2.7-fold increase in BA. Socioeconomic changes since the pre-industrial period, including land-use change, also likely increased BA in Northeast Amazonia. Our models project that events on the scale of 2024\u20132025 will become up to 57\u2009%, 34\u2009%, and 50\u2009% more frequent than in the modern era in Northeast Amazonia, the Pantanal\u2013Chiquitano, and the Congo Basin, respectively, under a medium\u2013high scenario (SSP370) by 2100. Climate action can limit the added risk, with frequency increases held to below 15\u2009% in all three regions under a strong mitigation scenario (SSP126). In Southern California, the future trajectory of extreme fire likelihood remains highly uncertain due to poorly constrained climate\u2013vegetation\u2013fire interactions influencing fuel moisture, though our models suggest that risk may decline in future. This annual report from the State of Wildfires project integrates and advances cutting-edge fire observations and modelling with regional expertise to track changing global wildfire hazard, guiding policy and practice towards improved preparedness, mitigation, adaptation, and societal benefit. Thirteen new datasets and model codebases presented in this work are available from the State of Wildfires Project's Zenodo community, including updated annual statistics on wildfire extent (Jones et al., 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15525674), outputs from modelling of fire causality using PoF model (Di Giuseppe, 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24433\/CO.8570224.v1) and codebase for the extreme event attribution\/projections model, ConFLAME (Barbosa et al., 2025a, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.16790787).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-17-5377-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T23:15:34Z","timestamp":1760570134000},"page":"5377-5488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["State of Wildfires 2024\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas I.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantelle","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Giuseppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L. 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