{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:40:10Z","timestamp":1772260810714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]],"date-time":"2014-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["265229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["265229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Syst. Sci. Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Historical, i.e. pre-1957, upper-air data are a valuable source of information on the state of the atmosphere, in some parts of the world dating back to the early 20th century. However, to date, reanalyses have only partially made use of these data, and only of observations made after 1948. Even for the period between 1948 (the starting year of the NCEP\/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction\/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis) and the International Geophysical Year in 1957 (the starting year of the ERA-40 reanalysis), when the global upper-air coverage reached more or less its current status, many observations have not yet been digitised. The Comprehensive Historical Upper-Air Network (CHUAN) already compiled a large collection of pre-1957 upper-air data. In the framework of the European project ERA-CLIM (European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations), significant amounts of additional upper-air data have been catalogued (&gt; 1.3 million station days), imaged (&gt; 200 000 images) and digitised (&gt; 700 000 station days) in order to prepare a new input data set for upcoming reanalyses. The records cover large parts of the globe, focussing on, so far, less well covered regions such as the tropics, the polar regions and the oceans, and on very early upper-air data from Europe and the US. The total number of digitised\/inventoried records is 61\/101 for moving upper-air data, i.e. data from ships, etc., and 735\/1783 for fixed upper-air stations. Here, we give a detailed description of the resulting data set including the metadata and the quality checking procedures applied. The data will be included in the next version of CHUAN. The data are available at doi:10.1594\/PANGAEA.821222.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-6-29-2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]],"date-time":"2014-01-24T03:09:58Z","timestamp":1390532998000},"page":"29-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Description of the ERA-CLIM historical upper-air data"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Stickler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Br\u00f6nnimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jourdain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Roucaute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sterin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Nikolaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Wartenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Hersbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Ramella-Pralungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Dee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00f6nnimann, S. and Stickler, A.: Aerological observations in the Tropics in the Early Twentieth Century, Meteorol. Z., 22, 349\u2013358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0458, 2013.","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0458"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Br\u00f6nnimann, S. and Stickler, A.: Early upper-air observations in Batavia, manuscript in preparation, 2014a."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Br\u00f6nnimann, S. and Stickler, A.: Early upper-air observations in the polar regions, in preparation, 2014b."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Br\u00f6nnimann, S., Wegmann, M., Wartenburger, R., and Stickler, A.: Arctic Winds in the &quot;Twentieth Century Reanalysis&quot;, in: Weather extremes during the past 140 years, edited by: Br\u00f6nnimann, S. and Martius, O., Geographica Bernensia, G89, 59\u201367, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4480\/GB2013.G89.07, 2013."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N., Allan, R. J., Yin, X., Gleason, B. E., Vose, R. S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Br\u00f6nnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R. I., Grant, A. N., Groisman, P. Y., Jones, P. D., Kruk, M. C., Kruger, A. C., Marshall, G. J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H. Y., Nordli, \u00d8., Ross, T. F., Trigo, R. M., Wang, X. L., Woodruff, S. D., and Worley, S. J.: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1\u201328, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.776"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durre, I., Vose, R. S., and Wuertz, D. B.: Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive, J. Climate, 19, 53\u201368, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3594.1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haimberger, L.: Homogenization of Radiosonde Temperature Time Series Using Innovation Statistics, J. Climate, 20, 1377\u20131403, 2007.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4050.1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haimberger, L., Tavolato, C., and Sperka, S.: Homogenization of the Global Radiosonde Temperature Dataset through Combined Comparison with Reanalysis Background Series and Neighboring Stations, J. Climate, 25, 8108\u20138131, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00668.1, 2012.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00668.1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP\/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437\u2013471, 1996.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kistler, R., Kalnay, E., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP\u2013NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247\u2013268, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Tan, D., Dee, D., Th\u00e9paut, J.-N., Simmons, A., Peubey, C., Laloyaux, P., Komori, T., Berrisford, P., Dragani, R., Tr\u00e9molet, Y., Holm, E., Bonavita, M., Isaksen, L., and Fisher, M.: The data assimilation system and initial performance evaluation of the ECMWF pilot reanalysis of the 20th-century assimilating surface observations only (ERA-20C), ERA Report Series, available at: http:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/publications\/library\/do\/references\/list\/782009, 2013."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramella Pralungo, L., Haimberger, L., Stickler, A., and Br\u00f6nnimann, S.: A global historical Radiosondes and Tracked Balloons Archive on standard pressure levels back to the 1920s, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 6, 837\u2013874, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essdd-6-837-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/essdd-6-837-2013"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Stickler, A. and Br\u00f6nnimann, S.: Early 20th century upper-air observations in China and Korea, in preparation, 2014."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stickler, A., Grant, A. N., Ewen, T., Ross, T. F., Vose, R. S., Comeaux, J., Bessemoulin, P., Jylh\u00e4, K., Adam, W. K., Jeannet, P., Nagurny, A., Sterin, A. M., Allan, R., Compo, G. P., Griesser, T., and Br\u00f6nnimann, S.: The Comprehensive Historical Upper Air Network, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 741\u2013751, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009BAMS2852.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2852.1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stickler, A., Br\u00f6nnimann, S., Valente, M. A., Bethke, J., Sterin, A., Jourdain, S., Roucaute, E., Vasquez, M. V., Reyes, D. A., Allan, R., and Dee, D.: ERA-CLIM: Historical Surface and Upper-Air Data for Future Reanalyses, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., submitted, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00147.1"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Stickler, A., Storz, S., J\u00f6rg, C., Wartenburger, R., and Br\u00f6nnimann, S.: Comparison of the upper-air observations from the German Atlantic Expedition 1925\u20131927 with the Twentieth Century Reanalysis, in preparation, 2014."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fcring, R.: Report by A.Berson about the aerological expedition of the Royal Aeronautic Observatory to East Africa in 1908, Meteorol. Z., 22, 343\u2013348, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0494, 2013.","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0494"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uppala, S. M., K\u00e5llberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., da Costa Bechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., H\u00f3lm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., McNally, A. P., Mahtouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961\u20133012, 2005.","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.176"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Wartenburger, R., Stickler, A., and Br\u00f6nnimann, S.: A novel physics-based adjustment of upper-air temperature and geopotential height, in preparation, 2014."}],"container-title":["Earth System Science Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/29\/2014\/essd-6-29-2014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T22:37:52Z","timestamp":1739572672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/29\/2014\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-6-29-2014","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essdd-6-641-2013","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/essdd-6-641-2013","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1866-3516"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-3516","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]]}}}