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Model Dev."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A number of important questions concern processes at the margins of\nice sheets where multiple components of\nthe Earth system, most crucially ice sheets and oceans, interact.\nSuch processes include thermodynamic interaction at\nthe ice\u2013ocean interface, the impact of meltwater on\nice shelf cavity circulation, the impact of\nbasal melting of ice shelves on grounded ice dynamics\nand ocean controls on iceberg calving.\nThese include fundamentally coupled processes\nin which feedback mechanisms between ice and\nocean play an important role.\nSome of these mechanisms have major implications for humanity, most notably the impact of retreating\nmarine ice sheets on the global sea level.\nIn order to better quantify these mechanisms using computer models,\nfeedbacks need to be incorporated into the modelling system.\nTo achieve this, ocean and ice dynamic models must be coupled, allowing runtime information sharing\nbetween components.\nWe have developed a flexible coupling framework based on existing Earth system coupling\ntechnologies.\nThe open-source Framework for Ice Sheet\u2013Ocean Coupling (FISOC) provides a modular approach to\ncoupling,\nfacilitating switching between different ice dynamic and ocean components.\nFISOC allows fully synchronous coupling, in which both ice and ocean run on the same time step, or\nsemi-synchronous coupling in which the ice dynamic model uses a longer time step.\nMultiple regridding options are available, and there are multiple methods for coupling the sub-ice-shelf cavity geometry.\nThermodynamic coupling\nmay also be activated.\nWe present idealized simulations using FISOC with a Stokes flow ice dynamic model coupled to a\nregional ocean model.\nWe demonstrate the modularity of FISOC by switching\nbetween two different regional ocean models and\npresenting outputs for both.\nWe demonstrate conservation of mass and other verification steps during evolution of an idealized coupled\nice\u2013ocean system, both with and without grounding line movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-14-889-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T02:08:21Z","timestamp":1613182101000},"page":"889-905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Framework For Ice Sheet\u2013Ocean Coupling (FISOC) V1.1"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1582-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert","family":"Gladstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Galton-Fenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gwyther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1340-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tore","family":"Hattermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenneke","family":"Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Petrakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Zwinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-0649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Shapero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asay-Davis, 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S., Cornford, S. L., Durand, G., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R. M., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hattermann, T., Holland, D. M., Holland, D., Holland, P. R., Martin, D. F., Mathiot, P., Pattyn, F., and Seroussi, H.: Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP\u00a0+), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP\u00a0+) and MISOMIP v.\u00a01 (MISOMIP1), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2471\u20132497, 10.5194\/gmd-9-2471-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-2471-2016"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budd,\u00a0W., Keage,\u00a0P.\u00a0L., and Blundy,\u00a0N.\u00a0A.: Empirical studies of ice sliding, J. Glaciol., 23, 157\u2013170, 1979.","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000029804"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Budd,\u00a0W., Jenssen,\u00a0D., and Smith,\u00a0I.: A 3-dimensional time-dependent model of the West Antarctic Ice-Sheet, Ann. 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Res.-Earth, 121, 865\u2013880, 10.1002\/2015JF003791, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003791"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De\u00a0Rydt,\u00a0J., Holland,\u00a0P.\u00a0R., Dutrieux,\u00a0P., and Jenkins,\u00a0A.: Geometric and oceanographic controls on melting beneath Pine Island Glacier, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2420\u20132438, 10.1002\/2013JC009513, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009513"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinniman,\u00a0M.\u00a0S., Klinck,\u00a0J.\u00a0M., and Smith\u00a0Jr.,\u00a0W.\u00a0O.: Influence of sea ice cover and icebergs on circulation and water mass formation in a numerical circulation model of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C11013, 10.1029\/2006JC004036, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC004036"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Favier,\u00a0L., Durand,\u00a0G., Cornford,\u00a0S.\u00a0L., Gudmundsson,\u00a0G.\u00a0H., Gagliardini,\u00a0O., Gillet-Chaulet,\u00a0F., Zwinger,\u00a0T., Payne,\u00a0A.\u00a0J., and Le\u00a0Brocq,\u00a0A.\u00a0M.: Retreat of Pine Island Glacier controlled by marine ice-sheet instability, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 117\u2013121, 10.1038\/NCLIMATE2094, 2014.","DOI":"10.1038\/NCLIMATE2094"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Favier, L., Jourdain, N. C., Jenkins, A., Merino, N., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., and Mathiot, P.: Assessment of sub-shelf melting parameterisations using the oceanice-sheet coupled model NEMO(v3.6)Elmer\/Ice(v8.3) , Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2255\u20132283, 10.5194\/gmd-12-2255-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-2255-2019"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gagliardini, O., Zwinger, T., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Durand, G., Favier, L., de Fleurian, B., Greve, R., Malinen, M., Mart\u00edn, C., R\u00e5back, P., Ruokolainen, J., Sacchettini, M., Sch\u00e4fer, M., Seddik, H., and Thies, J.: Capabilities and performance of Elmer\/Ice, a new-generation ice sheet model, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1299\u20131318, 10.5194\/gmd-6-1299-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-6-1299-2013"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galton-Fenzi,\u00a0B.\u00a0K., Hunter,\u00a0J.\u00a0R., Coleman,\u00a0R., Marsland,\u00a0S.\u00a0J., and Warner,\u00a0R.\u00a0C.: Modeling the basal melting and marine ice accretion of the Amery Ice Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C09031, 10.1029\/2012JC008214, 2012.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008214"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gladstone,\u00a0R., Lee,\u00a0V., Vieli,\u00a0A., and Payne,\u00a0A.: Grounding Line Migration in an Adaptive Mesh Ice Sheet Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F04014, 10.1029\/2009JF001615, 2010a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001615"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gladstone, R. M., Payne, A. J., and Cornford, S. L.: Parameterising the grounding line in flow-line ice sheet models, The Cryosphere, 4, 605\u2013619, 10.5194\/tc-4-605-2010, 2010b.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-4-605-2010"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gladstone,\u00a0R., Lee,\u00a0V., Rougier,\u00a0J., Payne,\u00a0A.\u00a0J., Hellmer,\u00a0H., Le\u00a0Brocq,\u00a0A., Shepherd,\u00a0A., Edwards,\u00a0T.\u00a0L., Gregory,\u00a0J., and Cornford,\u00a0S.\u00a0L.: Calibrated prediction of Pine Island Glacier retreat during the 21st and 22nd centuries with a coupled flowline model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 333, 191\u2013199, 10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.04.022, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.04.022"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gladstone, R. M., Warner, R. C., Galton-Fenzi, B. 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