{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:39:58Z","timestamp":1778186398965,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["299035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosci. Model Dev."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Coupled ice sheet\u2013ocean models capable of simulating moving grounding lines are just becoming available. Such models have a\u00a0broad range of potential applications in studying the dynamics of marine ice sheets and tidewater glaciers, from process studies to future projections of ice mass loss and sea level rise. The Marine Ice Sheet\u2013Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (MISOMIP) is a\u00a0community effort aimed at designing and coordinating a\u00a0series of model intercomparison projects (MIPs) for model evaluation in idealized setups, model verification based on observations, and future projections for key regions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). Here we describe computational experiments constituting three interrelated MIPs for marine ice sheet models and regional ocean circulation models incorporating ice shelf cavities. These consist of ice sheet experiments under the Marine Ice Sheet MIP third phase (MISMIP+), ocean experiments under the Ice Shelf-Ocean MIP second phase (ISOMIP+) and coupled ice sheet\u2013ocean experiments under the MISOMIP first phase (MISOMIP1). All three MIPs use a\u00a0shared domain with idealized bedrock topography and forcing, allowing the coupled simulations (MISOMIP1) to be compared directly to the individual component simulations (MISMIP+ and ISOMIP+). The experiments, which have qualitative similarities to Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf and the adjacent region of the Amundsen Sea, are designed to explore the effects of changes in ocean conditions, specifically the temperature at depth, on basal melting and ice dynamics. In future work, differences between model results will form the basis for the evaluation of the participating models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-2471-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T09:01:58Z","timestamp":1469437318000},"page":"2471-2497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP +), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP +) and MISOMIP v. 1 (MISOMIP1)"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xylar S.","family":"Asay-Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Cornford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ga\u00ebl","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benjamin K.","family":"Galton-Fenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1582-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert M.","family":"Gladstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4236-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Hilmar","family":"Gudmundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Hattermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Mathiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4805-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Pattyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Seroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calov, R., Greve, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bueler, E., Huybrechts, P., Johnson, J.\u00a0V., Pattyn, F., Pollard, D., Ritz, C., Saito, F., and Tarasov, L.: Results from the Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project-Heinrich Event INtercOmparison (ISMIP HEINO), J. Glaciol., 56, 371\u2013383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/002214310792447789, 2010.","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310792447789"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornford, S.\u00a0L. and Asay-Davis, X.\u00a0S.: Ice-shelf surface, basal and bedrock topography data for the second Ice Shelf-Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP+), GFZ Data Services, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5880\/PIK.2016.002, 2016.","DOI":"10.5880\/PIK.2016.002"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornford, S.\u00a0L., Martin, D.\u00a0F., Graves, D.\u00a0T., Ranken, D.\u00a0F., Le Brocq, A.\u00a0M., Gladstone, R.\u00a0M., Payne, A.\u00a0J., Ng, E.\u00a0G., and Lipscomb, W.\u00a0H.: Adaptive mesh, finite volume modeling of marine ice sheets, J. Comput. Phys., 232, 529\u2013549, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcp.2012.08.037, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2012.08.037"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rydt, J. and Gudmundsson, G.\u00a0H.: Coupled ice shelf-ocean modeling and complex grounding line retreat from a seabed ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 865\u2013880, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JF003791, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003791"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rydt, J., Holland, P.\u00a0R., Dutrieux, P., and Jenkins, A.: Geometric and oceanographic controls on melting beneath Pine Island Glacier, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2420\u20132438, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013JC009513, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009513"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Determann, J., Thoma, M., Grosfeld, K., and Massmann, S.: Impact of ice-shelf basal melting on inland ice-sheet thickness: a model study, Ann. Glaciol., 53, 129\u2013135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2012AoG60A170, 2012.","DOI":"10.3189\/2012AoG60A170"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drouet, A. S., Docquier, D., Durand, G., Hindmarsh, R., Pattyn, F., Gagliardini, O., and Zwinger, T.: Grounding line transient response in marine ice sheet models, The Cryosphere, 7, 395\u2013406, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-7-395-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-395-2013"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., de\u00a0Fleurian, B., Zwinger, T., and Le Meur, E.: Marine ice sheet dynamics: Hysteresis and neutral equilibrium, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F03009, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JF001170, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JF001170"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutrieux, P., De Rydt, J., Jenkins, A., Holland, P.\u00a0R., Ha, H.\u00a0K., Lee, S.\u00a0H., Steig, E.\u00a0J., Ding, Q., Abrahamsen, E.\u00a0P., and Schroder, M.: Strong Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability, Science, 3, 468\u2013472, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1244341, 2014.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244341"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favier, L., Durand, G., Cornford, S.\u00a0L., Gudmundsson, G.\u00a0H., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Zwinger, T., Payne, A.\u00a0J., and Le Brocq, A.\u00a0M.: Retreat of Pine Island Glacier controlled by marine ice-sheet instability, Nature Clim. Change, 5, 1\u20135, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate2094, 2014.","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2094"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldmann, J. and Levermann, A.: Interaction of marine ice-sheet instabilities in two drainage basins: simple scaling of geometry and transition time, The Cryosphere, 9, 631\u2013645, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-9-631-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-631-2015"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldmann, J., Albrecht, T., Khroulev, C., Pattyn, F., and Levermann, A.: Resolution-dependent performance of grounding line motion in a shallow model compared with a full-Stokes model according to the MISMIP3d intercomparison, J. Glaciol., 60, 353\u2013360, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2014JoG13J093, 2014.","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG13J093"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagliardini, O., Cohen, D., R\u00e5back, P., and Zwinger, T.: Finite-element modeling of subglacial cavities and related friction law, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02027, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JF000576, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000576"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Galton-Fenzi, B.\u00a0K.: Modeling Ice-shelf\/Ocean Interactions, PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2009."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Gill, A.\u00a0E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics (International Geophysics Series, Vol.\u00a030), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1982."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladish, C.\u00a0V., Holland, D.\u00a0M., Holland, P.\u00a0R., and Price, S.\u00a0F.: Ice-shelf basal channels in a coupled ice\/ocean model, J. Glaciol., 58, 1527\u20131544, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2012JoG12J003, 2012.","DOI":"10.3189\/2012JoG12J003"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladstone, R. M., Payne, A. J., and Cornford, S. L.: Parameterising the grounding line in flow-line ice sheet models, The Cryosphere, 4, 605\u2013619, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-4-605-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-4-605-2010"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.\u00a0N., Little, C.\u00a0M., Sergienko, O.\u00a0V., Gnanadesikan, A., Hallberg, R., and Oppenheimer, M.: Investigation of land ice-ocean interaction with a fully coupled ice-ocean model: 1. Model description and behavior, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F02037, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JF002246, 2012a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002246"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, D.\u00a0N., Little, C.\u00a0M., Sergienko, O.\u00a0V., Gnanadesikan, A., Hallberg, R., and Oppenheimer, M.: Investigation of land ice-ocean interaction with a fully coupled ice-ocean model: 2. Sensitivity to external forcings, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F02038, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JF002247, 2012b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002247"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosfeld, K. and Sandh\u00e4ger, H.: The evolution of a coupled ice shelf\u2013ocean system under different climate states, Global Planet. Change, 42, 107\u2013132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2003.11.004, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2003.11.004"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosfeld, K., Gerdes, R., and Determann, J.: Thermohaline circulation and interaction between ice shelf cavities and the adjacent open ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15595\u201315610, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JC00891, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC00891"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudmundsson, G. H.: Ice-shelf buttressing and the stability of marine ice sheets, The Cryosphere, 7, 647\u2013655, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-7-647-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-647-2013"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudmundsson, G. H., Krug, J., Durand, G., Favier, L., and Gagliardini, O.: The stability of grounding lines on retrograde slopes, The Cryosphere, 6, 1497\u20131505, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-6-1497-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-1497-2012"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, D.\u00a0M. and Jenkins, A.: Modeling Thermodynamic Ice\u2013Ocean Interactions at the Base of an Ice Shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1787\u20131800, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0485(1999)029&amp;lt;1787:MTIOIA&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 1999.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1999)029<1787:MTIOIA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Holland, D.\u00a0M., Hunter, J., Grosfeld, K., Hellmer, H., Jenkins, A., Morales Maqueda, M.\u00a0A., Hemer, M., Williams, M., Klinck, J.\u00a0M., and Dinniman, M.: The Ice Shelf \u2013 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (ISOMIP), Eos Trans. AGU, 84, Abstract C41A\u201305, Fall Meet. Suppl., 2003."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, P.\u00a0R. and Feltham, D.\u00a0L.: The Effects of Rotation and Ice Shelf Topography on Frazil-Laden Ice Shelf Water Plumes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 2312\u20132327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JPO2970.1, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2970.1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland, P.\u00a0R., Jenkins, A., and Holland, D.\u00a0M.: The Response of Ice Shelf Basal Melting to Variations in Ocean Temperature, J. Climate, 21, 2558\u20132572, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2007JCLI1909.1, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1909.1"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Hunter, J.\u00a0R.: ISOMIP Files, available at: http:\/\/staff.acecrc.org.au\/~bkgalton\/ISOMIP\/ (last access: 21\u00a0July\u00a02016), 2003."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Hunter, J.\u00a0R.: Specification for test models of ice shelf cavities, Tech. Rep. June, Antarctic Climate &amp;amp; Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, available at: http:\/\/staff.acecrc.org.au\/~bkgalton\/ISOMIP\/test_cavities.pdf (last access: 21\u00a0July\u00a02016), 2006."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, A.: A One-Dimensional Model of Ice Shelf-Ocean Interaction, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20671\u201320677, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/91JC01842, 1991.","DOI":"10.1029\/91JC01842"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, A., Hellmer, H.\u00a0H., and Holland, D.\u00a0M.: The Role of Meltwater Advection in the Formulation of Conservative Boundary Conditions at an Ice\u2013Ocean Interface, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 285\u2013296, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031&amp;lt;0285:TROMAI&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031<0285:TROMAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K.\u00a0W., and Corr, H. F.\u00a0J.: Observation and Parameterization of Ablation at the Base of Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 2298\u20132312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2010JPO4317.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4317.1"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joughin, I., Smith, B.\u00a0E., and Medley, B.: Marine ice sheet collapse potentially under way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica, Science, 344, 735\u2013738, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1249055, 2014.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1249055"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, S., Candy, A., Holland, P., Piggott, M., and Jenkins, A.: Adaptation of an unstructured-mesh, finite-element ocean model to the simulation of ocean circulation beneath ice shelves, Ocean Model., 67, 39\u201351, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocemod.2013.03.004, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2013.03.004"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leguy, G. R., Asay-Davis, X. S., and Lipscomb, W. H.: Parameterization of basal friction near grounding lines in a one-dimensional ice sheet model, The Cryosphere, 8, 1239\u20131259, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-8-1239-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1239-2014"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losch, M.: Modeling ice shelf cavities in a z coordinate ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1\u201315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JC004368, 2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004368"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacAyeal, D., Rommelaere, V., Huybrechts, P., Hulbe, C., Determann, J., and Ritz, C.: An ice-shelf model test based on the Ross ice shelf, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 46\u201351, 1996.","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500013240"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPhee, M.\u00a0G., Morison, J.\u00a0H., and Nilsen, F.: Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface: Ocean flux and modeling considerations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1\u201310, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JC004383, 2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004383"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oey, L.-Y.: An OGCM with movable land\u2013sea boundaries, Ocean Model., 13, 176\u2013195, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocemod.2006.01.001, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2006.01.001"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., R\u00fcckamp, M., Saito, F., Sou\u010dek, O., Sugiyama, S., and Zwinger, T.: Benchmark experiments for higher-order and full-Stokes ice sheet models (ISMIP-HOM), The Cryosphere, 2, 95\u2013108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-2-95-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-2-95-2008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattyn, F., Schoof, C., Perichon, L., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Bueler, E., de Fleurian, B., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Gladstone, R., Goldberg, D., Gudmundsson, G. H., Huybrechts, P., Lee, V., Nick, F. M., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Rybak, O., Saito, F., and Vieli, A.: Results of the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project, MISMIP, The Cryosphere, 6, 573\u2013588, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-6-573-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-573-2012"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Durand, G., Favier, L., Gagliardini, O., Hindmarsh, R. C.\u00a0A., Zwinger, T., Albrecht, T., Cornford, S., Docquier, D., F\u00fcrst, J.\u00a0J., Goldberg, D., Gudmundsson, G.\u00a0H., Humbert, A., H\u00fctten, M., Huybrechts, P., Jouvet, G., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Martin, D., Morlighem, M., Payne, A.\u00a0J., Pollard, D., R\u00fcckamp, M., Rybak, O., Seroussi, H., Thoma, M., and Wilkens, N.: Grounding-line migration in plan-view marine ice-sheet models: results of the ice2sea MISMIP3d intercomparison, J. Glaciol., 59, 410\u2013422, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2013JoG12J129, 2013.","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J129"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne, A., Huybrechts, P., Abe-Ouchi, A., Calov, R., Fastook, J.\u00a0L., Greve, R., Marshall, S.\u00a0J., Marsiat, I., Ritz, C., Tarasov, L., and Thomassen, M. P.\u00a0A.: Results from the EISMINT model intercomparison: the effects of thermomechanical coupling, J. Glaciol., 46, 227\u2013238, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/172756500781832891, 2000.","DOI":"10.3189\/172756500781832891"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pond, S. and Pickard, G.\u00a0L.: Introductory Dynamical Oceanography, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057054-9.50007-9"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof, C.: The effect of cavitation on glacier sliding, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 461, 609\u2013627, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.2004.1350, 2005.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2004.1350"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof, C.: Marine ice-sheet dynamics. Part 1. The case of rapid sliding, J. Fluid Mech., 573, 27, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022112006003570, 2007a.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112006003570"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof, C.: Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 1\u201319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JF000664, 2007b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000664"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof, C. and Hindmarsh, R. C.\u00a0A.: Thin-Film Flows with Wall Slip: An Asymptotic Analysis of Higher Order Glacier Flow Models, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 63, 73\u2013114, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmam\/hbp025, 2010.","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmam\/hbp025"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergienko, O.\u00a0V.: Basal channels on ice shelves, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1342\u20131355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrf.20105, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20105"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergienko, O.\u00a0V., Goldberg, D.\u00a0N., and Little, C.\u00a0M.: Alternative ice shelf equilibria determined by ocean environment, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 970\u2013981, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrf.20054, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20054"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seroussi, H., Morlighem, M., Larour, E., Rignot, E., and Khazendar, A.: Hydrostatic grounding line parameterization in ice sheet models, The Cryosphere, 8, 2075\u20132087, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-8-2075-2014, 2014a.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-2075-2014"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seroussi, H., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Larour, E., Schodlok, M., and Khazendar, A.: Sensitivity of the dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, to climate forcing for the next 50 years, The Cryosphere, 8, 1699\u20131710, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-8-1699-2014, 2014b.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1699-2014"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoma, M., Grosfeld, K., Mayer, C., and Pattyn, F.: Interaction between ice sheet dynamics and subglacial lake circulation: a coupled modelling approach, The Cryosphere, 4, 1\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-4-1-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-4-1-2010"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, V.\u00a0C., Stewart, A.\u00a0L., and Thompson, A.\u00a0F.: Marine ice-sheet profiles and stability under Coulomb basal conditions, J. Glaciol., 61, 205\u2013215, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3189\/2015JoG14J221, 2015.","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG14J221"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, R.\u00a0T. and Holland, D.\u00a0M.: A two-dimensional coupled model for ice shelf\u2013ocean interaction, Ocean Model., 17, 123\u2013139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocemod.2007.01.001, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2007.01.001"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, R.\u00a0T., Dupont, T.\u00a0K., Parizek, B.\u00a0R., and Alley, R.\u00a0B.: Effects of basal-melting distribution on the retreat of ice-shelf grounding lines, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17503, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008GL034947, 2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034947"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, R.\u00a0T., Dupont, T.\u00a0K., Holland, D.\u00a0M., Parizek, B.\u00a0R., and Alley, R.\u00a0B.: Initial effects of oceanic warming on a coupled ocean\u2013ice shelf\u2013ice stream system, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 287, 483\u2013487, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.08.032, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.08.032"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, R.\u00a0T., Holland, D.\u00a0M., Parizek, B.\u00a0R., Alley, R.\u00a0B., Nowicki, S. M.\u00a0J., and Jenkins, A.: Efficient flowline simulations of ice-shelf\/ocean interactions: Sensitivity studies with a fully coupled model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 2200\u20132210, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JPO-D-13-037.1, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-13-037.1"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weertman, J.: Stability of the junction of an ice sheet and an ice shelf, J. Glaciol., 13, 3\u201311, 1974.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022143000023327"}],"container-title":["Geoscientific Model Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/9\/2471\/2016\/gmd-9-2471-2016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T05:09:02Z","timestamp":1738991342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/9\/2471\/2016\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-9-2471-2016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-8-9859-2015","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-8-9859-2015","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5880\/PIK.2016.002","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-11-2543-2017","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1991-9603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1991-9603","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]}}}