{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:57:16Z","timestamp":1772261836706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]],"date-time":"2013-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Scientists play a key role in volcanic risk management, but rely heavily on fast access to data acquired in the vicinity of an active volcano. Hazardous volcanoes are often located in remote areas were telecommunications infrastructure is fragile. Besides being exposed directly to the volcanic hazard, the infrastructure in such remote areas can also suffer from \"last mile\" limitations derived from lack of market demand for data transmission services. In this paper, we report on the findings of the FP7 MIAVITA project in the topic of volcanic data transmission. We draw on the contribution of partners from emergent or developing countries to identify the main bottlenecks and fragilities. We also present the results of an experiment conducted on Fogo Island, Cape Verde, to test the availability of VSAT services adequate for volcanic monitoring. We warn against the false sense of security resulting from increasingly ubiquitous connectivity, and point out the lack of reliability of many consumer-type services, particularly during emergencies when such services are likely to crash due to excess of demand from the public. Finally, we propose guidelines and recommend best practices for the design of volcanic monitoring networks in what concerns data transmission. In particular, we advise that the data transmission equipment close to the exposed area should be owned, operated and maintained by the volcanic monitoring institution. We exemplify with the set-up of the Fogo telemetric interface, which uses low-power licence-free radio modems to reach a robust point of entry into the public network at a suitable distance from the volcano.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-3419-2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]],"date-time":"2013-12-23T07:43:26Z","timestamp":1387784606000},"page":"3419-3428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\"Last mile\" challenges to in situ volcanic data transmission"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"J. F. B. D.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B. V. E.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9611-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Chambel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. L.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vaz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Bold, W. and Davidson, W.: Mobile Broadband: Redefining Internet Access and Empowering Individuals, in: Living in a Hyperconnected World, The Global Information Technology Report 2012, edited by: Dutta, S. and Bilbao-Osorio, B., World Economic Forum, Davos, 2012."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, S. J., Heleno, S. I. N., and Fonseca, J. F. B. D.: A past giant lateral collapse and present-day flank instability of Fogo, Cape Verde Islands, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 94, 191\u2013218, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(99)00103-1"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Faria, B. V. E.: Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Geof\u00edsica e N\u00edveis de Alerta do vulc\u00e3o do Fogo, Ph.D. thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, 2010 (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, B. and Fonseca, J. F. B. D.: Investigating volcanic hazard in Cape Verde Islands through geophysical monitoring: network description and first results, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1, 4997\u20135032, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhessd-1-4997-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhessd-1-4997-2013"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, J. F. B. D., Faria, B. V. E., Lima, J. N. P., Heleno, S. I. N., Lazaro, C., d'Oreye, N., Ferreira, A., Barros, I. J. M., Santos, P., Bandomo, Z., Day, S. J., Osorio, J. P., Baio, M., and Matos, J. L. G.: Multiparameter Monitoring of Fogo Island, Cape Verde, for Volcanic Hazard Mitigation, J. Volc. Goetherm. Res., 125, 39\u201356, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(03)00088-X"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Fonseca, J. F. B. D., Faria, B. V. E., Cruz, G., and Silva, F. M.: Recommendations for improved LVL-RVL communications during crisis, FP7 Project MIAVITA Deliverable-D6.e, 2011."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankel, S. and Krishnan, S.: IP Security (IPsec) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Document Roadmap, Internet Engineering Task Force Informational Memo, ISSN: 2070-1721, available at: http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/pdfrfc\/rfc6071.txt.pdf (last access: 27 May 2013), 2011.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6071"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanka, W., Saul, J., Weber, B., Becker, J., Harjadi, P., Fauzi, and GITEWS Seismology Group: Real-time earthquake monitoring for tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean and beyond, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 2611\u20132622, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-10-2611-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-2611-2010"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrald, J. and Jefferson, T.: Shared Situational Awareness in Emergency Management Mitigation and Response, Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2007.481"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heleno, S. I. N., Day, S. J., and Fonseca, J. F. B. D.: Fogo Volcano, Cape Verde Islands: seismicity-derived constraints on the mechanism of the 1995 eruption, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res, 94, 219\u2013231, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(99)00104-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heleno, S. I. N., Faria, B. V. E., Bandomo, Z., and Fonseca, J. F. B. D.: Observations of high-frequency harmonic tremor in Fogo, Cape Verde Islands, J. Volc. Geotherm. Res., 158, 361\u2013379, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.018"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helffrich, G., Heleno, S. I. N, Faria, B. V. E., and Fonseca, J. F. B. D.: Hydroacoustic detection of volcanic ocean-island earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 1529\u20131536, 2006.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03228.x"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Huyghe, S.: OpenVPN 101: introduction to OpenVPN. Informative article, August, 2004, available at: http:\/\/openvpn.net\/papers\/openvpn-101.pdf (last access: 27 May 2013), 2004."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Iannela, R. and Henriksen, K.: Managing Information in the Disaster Coordination Centre: Lessons and Opportunities, in: Proceedings of the 4th International ISCRAM Conference, edited by: Van de Walle, B., Burghardt, P., and Nieuwenhuis, C., Delft, the Netherlands, 2007."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"ITU: Utilization of ICT for disaster management, resources, and active and passive space-based sensing systems as they apply to disaster and emergency relief situations, ITU-D Study Group 2, 4th Study Period (2006\u20132010), Question 22\/2, Guidelines on the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP), International Telecommunication Union, 2010."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maral, G.: VSAT Networks, 2nd Edn., Ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470866861"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuire, W. J., Solana, M. C., Kilburn, C. R. J., and Sanderson, D.: Improving communication during volcanic crises on small, vulnerable islands, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 183, 63\u201375, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.019"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"MIAVITA: Handbook for Volcanic Risk management, Prevention, Crisis Management and Resilience, BRGM, Orleans, 2012."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparks, R. S. J.: Forecasting volcanic eruptions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 1\u201315, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00124-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref20.1","unstructured":"Surono, Jousset, P., Pallister, J., Boichu, M., Buongiorno, M. F., Budisantoso, A., Costa, F., Andreastuti, S., Prata, F., Schneider, D., Clarisse, L., Humaida, H., Sumarti, S., Bignami, C., Griswold, J., Carn, S., Oppenheimer, C., and Lavigne, F.: The 2010 explosive eruption of Java's Merapi volcano - A &quot;100-year&quot"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref20.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"event, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 241-242, 121-135, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.06.018"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Totsline, G.: Issues When Using IPsec Over Geosynchronous Satellite Links, SANS Institute Reading Room, available at: http:\/\/www.sans.org\/reading_room\/whitepapers\/vpns\/issues-ipsec-geosynchronous-satellite-links_770 (last access: 27 May 2013), 2002."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Vaz\u00e3o, T., Silva, F. M., Varela, A., Trindade, J., Pereira, R., and Santos, L.: Definition of a functional architecture for communications in a volcanic incident, FP7 Project MIAVITA deliverable D6.a, 2009."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Vaz\u00e3o, T., Trindade, J., and Pereira, R.L.: Recommendations for improved local communications, FP7 Project MIAVITA deliverable-D6.f, 2011."}],"container-title":["Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/13\/3419\/2013\/nhess-13-3419-2013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T23:21:19Z","timestamp":1739575279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/13\/3419\/2013\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-13-3419-2013","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhessd-1-4037-2013","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhessd-1-4037-2013","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1684-9981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-9981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]}}}