{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:57:24Z","timestamp":1772261844474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["234175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["234175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Spatial variation of nonlinear wave groups with different initial envelope shapes is theoretically studied first, confirming that the simplest nonlinear theoretical model is capable of describing the evolution of propagating wave packets in deep water. Moreover, three groups of laboratory experiments run in the wave basin of CEHIPAR (Canal de Experiencias Hidrodin\u00e1micas de El Pardo, known also as El Pardo Model Basin) was founded in 1928 by the Spanish Navy. are systematically compared with the numerical simulations of the nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equation. Although a little overestimation is detected, especially in the set of experiments characterized by higher initial wave steepness, the numerical simulation still displays a high degree of agreement with the laboratory experiments. Therefore, the nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equation catches the essential characteristics of the extreme waves and provides an important physical insight into their generation. The modulation instability, resulting from the quasi-resonant four-wave interaction in a unidirectional sea state, can be indicated by the coefficient of kurtosis, which shows an appreciable correlation with the extreme wave height and hence is used in the modified Edgeworth\u2013Rayleigh distribution. Finally, some statistical properties on the maximum wave heights in different sea states have been related with the initial Benjamin\u2013Feir index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-959-2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T02:19:16Z","timestamp":1398305956000},"page":"959-968","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Modeling extreme wave heights from laboratory experiments with the nonlinear Schr\u00f6dinger equation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"H. 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