{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:57:30Z","timestamp":1772261850136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["603839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["603839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The M\u2009\u223c\u20098.3\u20138.4 25\u00a0November\u00a01941 was one of the largest submarine strike-slip earthquakes ever recorded in the Northeast\u00a0(NE) Atlantic basin. This event occurred along the Eurasia\u2013Nubia plate boundary between the Azores and the Strait of Gibraltar. After the earthquake, the tide stations in the NE\u00a0Atlantic recorded a small tsunami with maximum amplitudes of 40\u2009cm peak to through in the Azores and Madeira islands. In this study, we present a re-evaluation of the earthquake epicentre location using seismological data not included in previous studies. We invert the tsunami travel times to obtain a preliminary tsunami source location using the backward ray tracing\u00a0(BRT) technique. We invert the tsunami waveforms to infer the initial sea surface displacement using empirical Green's functions, without prior assumptions about the geometry of the source. The results of the BRT simulation locate the tsunami source quite close to the new epicentre. This fact suggests that the co-seismic deformation of the earthquake induced the tsunami. The waveform inversion of tsunami data favours the conclusion that the earthquake ruptured an approximately 160\u202fkm segment of the plate boundary, in the eastern section of the Gloria Fault between \u221220.249\u00a0and \u221218.630\u00b0\u2009E. The results presented here contribute to the evaluation of tsunami hazard in the Northeast Atlantic basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-1967-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T02:54:39Z","timestamp":1471834479000},"page":"1967-1977","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["New study on the 1941\u00a0Gloria Fault earthquake and tsunami"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6381-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ana","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge Miguel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Batll\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Maci\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Antunes, M. T.: Notas Acerca do Sismo de 25\u00a0de Novembro de\u00a01941, 4th\u00a0Congress of Portuguese Association for the Advance of Sciences, 18\u201324\u00a0June\u00a01942, Porto, 161\u2013172, 1944."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G., DeMets, C., and Stein, S.: Closure of the Africa-Eurasia-North America plate motion circuit and tectonics of the Gloria fault, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5585\u20135602, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JB094iB05p05585,1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB05p05585"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baba, T., Cummins, R., and Takane, H.: Compound fault rupture during the\u00a02004 off the Kii Peninsula earthquake (M\u00a07.4) inferred from highly resolved coseismic sea-surface deformation, Earth Planets Space, 57.3, 167\u2013172, 2005.","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03351810"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, M. A. and Miranda, J. M.: Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 25\u201342, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-9-25-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-25-2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, M. A., Miranda, J. M., and Luis, J. F.: In search of the 31\u00a0March\u00a01761 earthquake and tsunami source, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 713\u2013721, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1785\/0120050111, 2006.","DOI":"10.1785\/0120050111"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buforn, E., Udias, A., and Colombas, M.: Seismicity, source mechanisms and tectonics of the Azores \u2013 Gibraltar plate-boundary, Tectonophysics, 152, 89\u2013118, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0040-1951(88)90031-5, 1998.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(88)90031-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buforn, E., Bezzeghoud, M., Udias, A., and Pro, C.: Seismic sources on the Iberia-African plate boundary and their tectonic implications, Pure Appl. Geophys., 161, 623\u2013646, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-003-2466-1, 2004.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-003-2466-1"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Carrilho, F., Nunes, J. C., Pena, J., and Senos, M. L.: Cat\u00e1logo S\u00edsmico de Portugal Continental e Rportugal, 2004."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Debrach, J.: Raz de mar\u00e9e d'origine sismique enregistr\u00e9 sur le littoral atlantique du Maroc, Service de Physique du Globe et de l'institut scientifique Ch\u00e9rifien, Annales, Maroc, 1946."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Di Filippo, D.: Il terremoto delle Azzore del 25\u00a0Nov.\u00a01941, Annali Geofis., 2, 400\u2013405, 1949."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dineva, S., Batll\u00f3, J., Mihaylov, D., and Van Eck, T.: Source parameters of four strong earthquakes in Bulgaria and Portugal at the beginning of the 20th\u00a0century, J. Seismol., 6, 99\u2013123, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014249814998 , 2002.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014249814998"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, R. M. S., Ambrosius, B. A. C., Noomen, R., Bastos, L., Wortel, M. J. R., Spakman, W., and Govers, R.: The relative motion between Africa and Eurasia as derived from ITRF2000 and GPS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1828, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL017089, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017089"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjevik, B., Pedersen, G., Dybesland, E., Harbitz, C. B., Miranda, P. M. A., Baptista, M. A., Heinrich, P., Roche, R., and Guesmia, M.: Modeling tsunamis from earthquake sources near Gorringe Bank southwest of Portugal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 27931\u201327949, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JC02179, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC02179"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. F.: Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 273\u202fpp., 1949."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haslett, S. K. and Bryant, E. A.: Historic tsunamis in Britain since AD\u202f1000: a review. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 587\u2013601, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-8-587-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-8-587-2008"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirata, K., Geist, E., Satake, K., Tanioka, Y., and Yamakii, S.: Slip distribution of the 1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M8.1) along the Kuril Trench deduced from tsunami waveform inversion, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2196, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JB001976, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001976"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaabouben, F., Brahim, A. I., Toto, E., Baptista, M. A., Miranda, J. M., Soares, P., and Luis, J. F.: On the focal mechanism of the 26.05.1975\u00a0North Atlantic event contribution from tsunami modeling, J. Seismol., 12, 575\u2013583, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10950-008-9110-6, 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-008-9110-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennett, B. L. N. and Engdahl, E. R.: Travel times for global earthquake location and phase identification, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429\u2013465, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x, 1991.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koike, N.: Estimation of Tsunami Initial Displacement of Water Surface Using Inversion Method with a Priori Information, The Tsunami Threat \u2013 Research and Technology, InTech, available at: http:\/\/cdn.intechopen.com\/pdfs\/13097.pdf (last acess: 9 August 2016), 2011.","DOI":"10.5772\/14573"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laughton, A. S., Whitmarsh, R. B., Rusby, J. S. M., Somers, M. L., Revie, J., McCartney, B. S., and Nafe, J. E.: A Continuous East-West Fault on the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge, Nature, 237, 217\u2013220, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/237217a0, 1972.","DOI":"10.1038\/237217a0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lienert, B. R., Berg, E., and Frazer, L. N.: Hypocenter: an Earthquake Location Method using Centered, Scaled and Adaptively Damped Least Squares, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 73, 771\u2013783, 1986.","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0760030771"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luis, J. F.: Mirone: A multi-purpose tool for exploring grid data, Comput. Geosci., 33, 31\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2006.05.005, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2006.05.005"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luis, J. F. and Miranda, J. M.: Reevaluation of magnetic chrons in the North Atlantic between 35\u00b0\u202fN and 47\u00b0\u202fN: Implications for the formation of the Azores Triple Junction and associated plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B10105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JB005573, 2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005573"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynnes, C. S. and Ruff, L. J.: Source process and tectonic implications of the great 1975\u00a0North Atlantic earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 82, 497\u2013510, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05148.x, 1985.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05148.x"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Menke, W.: Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory, 3rd\u00a0Edn., Academic Press, Academic Press, 293\u202fpp., 2012."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, J. M., Baptista, M. A., and Omira, R.: On the use of Green's summation for tsunami waveform estimation: a case study, Geophys. J. Int., 199, 459\u2013464, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggu266, 2014.","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu266"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Moreira, V. S.: Tsunamis observados em Portugal, Publicacao GEO, Portugal, 134\u202fpp., 1968."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, Y.: Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 75, 1135\u20131154, 1985.","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Ottem\u00f6ller, L., Voss, P., and Havskov, J.: Seisan earthquake analysis software for Windows, Solaris, Linux and MacOsX, Dept.\u00a0Earth Sci., Univ.\u00a0Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 2011."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth\u00e9, J. P.: The structure of the bed of the Atlantic Ocean, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 32, 457\u2013461, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/TR032i003p00457, 1951.","DOI":"10.1029\/TR032i003p00457"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satake, K.: Inversion of tsunami waveforms for the estimation of a fault heterogeneity: Method and numerical experiments, J. Phys. Earth, 35, 241\u2013254, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4294\/jpe1952.35.241, 1987.","DOI":"10.4294\/jpe1952.35.241"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satake, K.: Depth distribution of co-seismic slip along the Nankai Trough, Japan, from joint inversion of geodetic and tsunami data, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Ea., 98, 4553\u20134565, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/92JB01553, 1993.","DOI":"10.1029\/92JB01553"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satake, K., Baba,T., Hirata, K., Iwasaki, S., Kato,T., Koshimura, S., Takenaka, J., and Terada, Y.: Tsunami source of the\u00a02004 off the Kii Peninsula earthquakes inferred from offshore tsunami and coastal tide gauges, Earth Planets Space, 57, 173\u2013178, https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/BF03351811, 2005.","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03351811"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titov, V. V., Gonzalez, F. I., Bernard, E. N., Eble, M. C., Mofjeld, H. O., Newman, J. C., and Venturato, A. J.: Real-time tsunami forecasting: Challenges and solutions, in: Developing Tsunami-Resilient Communities, Springer Netherlands, 41\u201358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/1-4020-3607-8_3, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3607-8_3"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsushima, H., Hino, R., Fujimoto, H., Tanioka, Y. and Imamura, F.: Near-field tsunami forecasting from cabled ocean bottom pressure data, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Ea., 114, B06309, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JB005988, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB005988"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udias, A., Arroyo, A. L., and Mezcua, J.: Seismotectonic of the Azores-Alboran region, Tectonophysics, 31, 259\u2013289, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0040-1951(76)90121-9, 1976.","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(76)90121-9"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T. R. and Ho, T. C.: High resolution tsunami inversion for 2010\u00a0Chile earthquake, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 3251\u20133261, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-11-3251-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-3251-2011"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuda, T. and Mase, H.: Real-time tsunami prediction by inversion method using offshore observed GPS buoy data: nankaido, J. Waterway Port Coast. Ocean Eng., 139, 221\u2013231, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000159, 2012.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000159"}],"container-title":["Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1967\/2016\/nhess-16-1967-2016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T04:34:37Z","timestamp":1738989277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1967\/2016\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhess-16-1967-2016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-2016-130-AC2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1684-9981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-9981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]}}}