{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:03:08Z","timestamp":1772262188501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011656","name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPIOCEANS\/0001\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPIOCEANS\/0001\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ocean Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report describes an increase in the number and intensity of marine heatwaves (MHWs) and a decrease in marine cold spells (MCSs) in\nthe global ocean. However, these reported changes are not uniform on a regional to local basis, and it remains unknown if coastal areas follow the\nopen-ocean trends. Surface ocean temperature measurements collected by satellites (from 1982\u20132022) and 13 coastal buoys (from 1990\u20132022) are\nanalyzed in the northeastern Atlantic and three subregions: the English Channel, Bay of Brest and Bay of Biscay. The activity metric, combining the number\nof events, intensity, duration and spatial extent, is used to evaluate the magnitude of these extreme events. The results from in\u00a0situ and\nsatellite datasets for each of the studied regions are quite in agreement, although the satellite dataset underestimates the amplitude of activity\nfor both MHWs and MCSs. This supports the applicability of the method to both in\u00a0situ and satellite data, albeit with caution on the amplitude of\nthese events. Also, this localized study in European coastal northeastern Atlantic water highlights that similar changes are being seen in coastal and\nopen oceans regarding extreme events of temperature, with MHWs being more frequent and longer and extending over larger areas, while the opposite is\nseen for MCSs. These trends can be explained by changes in both the mean of and variance in sea-surface temperature. In addition, the pace of evolution\nand dynamics of marine extreme events differ among the subregions. Among the three studied subregions, the English Channel is the region\nexperiencing the strongest increase in summer MHW activity over the last 4\u00a0decades. Summer MHWs were very active in the English Channel in 2022\ndue to long events, in the Bay of Biscay in 2018 due to intense events and in the Bay of Brest in 2017 due to a high occurrence of events. Winter\nMCSs were the largest in 1987 and 1986 due to long and intense events in the English Channel. Finally, our findings suggest that at an interannual\ntimescale, the positive North Atlantic Oscillation favors the generation of strong summer MHWs in the northeastern Atlantic, while\nlow-pressure conditions over northern Europe and a high off the Iberian Peninsula in winter dominate for MCSs. A preliminary analysis of air\u2013sea\nheat fluxes suggests that, in this region, reduced cloud coverage is a key parameter for the generation of summer MHWs, while strong winds and\nincreased cloud coverage are important for the generation of winter MCSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-1339-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T09:07:27Z","timestamp":1693991247000},"page":"1339-1355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Coastal and regional marine heatwaves and cold spells in the northeastern Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0386-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coline","family":"Poppeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Plecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5204-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Charria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0042-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, M. 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