{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:56:20Z","timestamp":1773291380222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/MAR\/00350\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MAR\/00350\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ocean Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. From both practical and theoretical perspectives, it is\nessential to be able to express observed salinity distributions in terms of\nsimplified theoretical models, which enable qualitative assessments to be\nmade in many problems concerning water resource utilization (such as intake\nof fresh water) in estuaries. In this study, we propose a general and\nanalytical salt intrusion model inspired by Guo's general unit hydrograph\ntheory for flood hydrograph prediction in a watershed. To derive a simple,\ngeneral and analytical model of salinity distribution, we first make four\nhypotheses on the longitudinal salinity gradient based on empirical\nobservations; we then derive a general unit hydrograph for the salinity\ndistribution along a partially mixed or well-mixed estuary. The newly\ndeveloped model can be well calibrated using a minimum of three salinity\nmeasurements along the estuary axis and does converge towards zero when the\nalong-estuary distance approaches infinity asymptotically. The theory has\nbeen successfully applied to reproduce the salt intrusion in 21 estuaries\nworldwide, which suggests that the proposed method can be a useful tool for\nquickly assessing the spread of salinity under a wide range of riverine and\ntidal conditions and for quantifying the potential impacts of\nhuman-induced and natural changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-603-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T06:56:42Z","timestamp":1683788202000},"page":"603-614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extension of the general unit hydrograph theory for the spread of salinity in estuaries"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayang","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6943-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongtiegang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwan","family":"Garel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, H., Savenije, H. H. G., Zuo, S., Jiang, C., and Chua, V.: A predictive\nmodel for salt intrusion in estuaries applied to the Yangtze estuary, J.\nHydrol., 529, 1336\u20131349,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.08.050, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.08.050"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Chow, V. T., Maidment, D., and Mays, L. W.: Applied hydrology, New York,\nMcGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-100174-3, 1988."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijkstra, Y. M. and Schuttelaars, H. M.: A unifying approach to subtidal\nsalt intrusion modeling in tidal estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51,\n147\u2013167, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/jpo-d-20-0006.1, 2021.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-20-0006.1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gay, P. and O'Donnell, J.: Comparison of the salinity structure of the\nChesapeake Bay, the Delaware Bay and Long Island Sound using a linearly\ntapered advection-dispersion model, Estuar. Coast., 32, 68\u201387,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12237-008-9101-4, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9101-4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gay, P. S. and O'Donnell, J.: A simple advection-dispersion model for the\nsalt distribution in linearly tapered estuaries, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,\n112, C070201, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JC003840, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003840"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J.: General and analytic unit hydrograph and its applications, J.\nHydrol. Eng., 27, 04021046,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002149, 2022a.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002149"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J.: General unit hydrograph from Chow's linear theory of hydrologic\nsystems and its applications, J. Hydrol. Eng., 27, 04022020,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002184, 2022b.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002184"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J.: Application of general unit hydrograph model for baseflow\nseparation from rainfall and streamflow data, J. Hydrol. Eng., 27,\n04022027, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002217,\n2022c.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002217"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuijper, K. and Van Rijn, L. C.: Analytical and numerical analysis of tides\nand salinities in estuaries; part II: salinity distributions in prismatic\nand convergent tidal channels, Ocean Dynam., 61, 1743\u20131765,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10236-011-0454-z, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-011-0454-z"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R. E. and Uncles, R. J.: Factors affecting longitudinal dispersion in\nestuaries of different scale, Ocean Dynam., 53, 197\u2013207,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10236-003-0030-2, 2003.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-003-0030-2"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Nash, J. E.: The form of instantaneous unit hydrograph, Int. Assoc. Sci.\nHydrol. Publ., 45, 114\u2013121, 1957."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pein, J., Valle-Levinson, A., and Stanev, E. V.: Secondary circulation\nasymmetry in a meandering, partially stratified estuary, J. Geophys.\nRes.-Oceans, 123, 1670\u20131683,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JC012623, 2018.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012623"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prandle, D.: Salinity intrusion in estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11,\n1311\u20131324, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011&amp;lt;1311:SIIE&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 1981.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<1311:SIIE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savenije, H. H. G.: A one-dimensional model for salinity intrusion in alluvial\nestuaries, J. Hydrol., 85, 87\u2013109,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1694(86)90078-8, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(86)90078-8"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savenije, H. H. G.: Salt intrusion model for high-water slack, low-water\nslack, and mean tide on spread sheet, J. Hydrol., 107, 9\u201318,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1694(89)90046-2, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(89)90046-2"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savenije, H. H. G.: Predictive model for salt intrusion in estuaries, J.\nHydrol., 148, 203\u2013218,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1694(89)90046-2, 1993.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(93)90260-G"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savenije, H. H. G.: Salinity and tides in alluvial estuaries, New York,\nElsevier, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52107-1.X5000-X,\n2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452107-1\/50005-8"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Savenije, H. H. G.: Salinity and tides in alluvial estuaries, completely\nrevised 2nd edition, http:\/\/www.salinityandtides.com\n(last access: 22 March 2022), 2012."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Savenije, J. H.: Data_SalinityandTides, WordPress [data set], https:\/\/salinityandtides.com\/data-sources\/ (last access: 3\u00a0May 2023), 2012."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Van der Burgh, P.: Ontwikkeling van een methode voor het voorspellen van\nzoutverdelingen in estuaria, kanalen en zeeen, Den Haag, Rijkwaterstaat\nRapport, 10\u201372, 1972 (in Dutch)."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Williams, M. E., Brown, J. M., Thorne, P. D., and Amoudry, L. O.:\nSalt intrusion as a function of estuary length in periodically weakly\nstratified estuaries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099082, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022GL099082, 2022.","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099082"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. and Savenije, H. H. G.: The physics behind Van der Burgh's empirical equation, providing a new predictive equation for salinity intrusion in estuaries, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3287\u20133305, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-21-3287-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-3287-2017"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. and Savenije, H. H. G.: Thermodynamics of saline and fresh water mixing in estuaries, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 241\u2013247, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/esd-9-241-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-9-241-2018"}],"container-title":["Ocean Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/os.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/603\/2023\/os-19-603-2023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T06:56:50Z","timestamp":1683788210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/os.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/603\/2023\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/os-19-603-2023","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-CC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-CC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-55-RC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1812-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1812-0792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]}}}