{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:04:58Z","timestamp":1772262298125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Solid Earth"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Anelasticity may decrease the shear modulus of the asthenosphere by 8\u2009%\u201310\u2009%\nat semidiurnal tidal periods compared with the reference 1\u2009s period of\nseismological Earth models. We show that such anelastic effects are likely\nto be significant for ocean tide loading displacement at the M2 tidal\nperiod around the East China Sea. By comparison with tide gauge\nobservations, we establish that from nine selected ocean tide models (DTU10,\nEOT11a, FES2014b, GOT4.10c, HAMTIDE11a, NAO99b, NAO99Jb, OSU12, and\nTPXO9-Atlas), the regional model NAO99Jb is the most accurate in this\nregion and that related errors in the predicted M2 vertical ocean tide\nloading displacements will be 0.2\u20130.5\u2009mm. In contrast, GPS observations on\nthe Ryukyu Islands (Japan), with an uncertainty of 0.2\u20130.3\u2009mm, show 90th-percentile discrepancies of 1.3\u2009mm with respect to ocean tide loading\ndisplacements predicted using the purely elastic radial Preliminary\nReference Earth Model (PREM). We show that the use of an anelastic PREM-based Earth\nmodel reduces these 90th-percentile discrepancies to 0.9\u2009mm. Use of an\nanelastic radial Earth model consisting of a regional average of the\nlaterally varying S362ANI model reduces the 90th-percentile to 0.7\u2009mm, which\nis of the same order as the sum of the remaining errors due to uncertainties\nin the ocean tide model and the GPS observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/se-11-185-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T09:16:55Z","timestamp":1581671815000},"page":"185-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Asthenospheric anelasticity effects on ocean tide loading around the East China Sea observed with GPS"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nigel T.","family":"Penna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Machiel S.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew, D. C.: NLOADF: A program for computing ocean-tide loading, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 5109\u20135110,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/96jb03458, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03458"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Agnew, D. C.: SPOTL: Some Programs for Ocean-Tide Loading, available at: https:\/\/igppweb.ucsd.edu\/~agnew\/Spotl\/spotlmain.html (last access: 7 February 2020), 2013."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allinson, C. R., Clarke, P. J., Edwards, S. J., King, M. A., Baker, T. F.,\nand Cruddace, P. R.: Stability of direct GPS estimates of ocean tide\nloading, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15603,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004gl020588, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020588"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, T. F. and Bos, M. S.: Validating Earth and ocean tide models using\ntidal gravity measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 152, 468\u2013485,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01863.x, 2003.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01863.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertiger, W., Desai, S. D., Haines, B., Harvey, N., Moore, A. W., Owen, S.,\nand Weiss, J. P.: Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data,\nJ. Geodesy, 84, 327\u2013337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-010-0371-9, 2010.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-010-0371-9"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, M. S. and Baker, T. F.: An estimate of errors in gravity ocean tide\nloading computations, J. Geodesy, 79, 50\u201363,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-005-0442-5, 2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-005-0442-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, M. S. and Scherneck, H. G.: Computation of Green's functions for ocean\ntide loading, in: Sciences of Geodesy \u2013 II: Innovations and Future\nDevelopments, edited by: Xu, G., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin,\nHeidelberg, 1\u201352, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28000-9_1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, M. S., Penna, N. T., Baker, T. F., and Clarke, P. J.: Ocean tide\nloading displacements in western Europe: 2. GPS-observed anelastic\ndispersion in the asthenosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 6540\u20136557,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JB011884, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011884"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Coleman, C., Garcia, H. E.,\nGrodsky, A., Johnson, D. R., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., O'Brien, T.\nD., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I. V., and Zweng, M.\nM.: World Ocean Database 2013, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72, S. Levitus, edited by:\nMishonov, A., Silver Spring, MD, 209\u00a0pp., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7289\/V5NZ85MT, 2013."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Caldwell, P. C., Merrifield, M. A., and Thompson, P. R.: Sea level measured by tide gauges from global oceans \u2013 the Joint Archive for Sea Level holdings, Version 5.5, available at: ftp:\/\/ftp.soest.hawaii.edu\/uhslc\/rqds (last access: 7 February 2020), 2015."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Carr\u00e8re, L., Lyard, F., Cancet, M., Guillot, A., and Picot, N.: FES\n2014, a new tidal model \u2013 Validation results and perspectives for\nimprovements, ESA living planet symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, 9\u201313 May\n2016, Paper 1956, 2016."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. C. and Andersen, O. B.: Multimission empirical ocean tide\nmodeling for shallow waters and polar seas, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116,\nC11001, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011jc007172, 2011.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007172"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Codiga, D.: Unified tidal analysis and prediction using the UTide Matlab\nfunctions, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,\nNarragansett, RI, Technical Report 2011-01, 59\u00a0pp., 2011."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Crustal Dynamics Data Information System: International GNSS Service, Daily 30-second observation data, available at: ftp:\/\/cddis.nasa.gov\/gnss\/data\/daily\/ (last access: 7 February 2020), 2016."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlen, F. A. and Tromp, J.: Theoretical global seismology, Princeton\nUniversity Press, New Jersey, USA, 1998.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691216157"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziewonski, A. M. and Anderson, D. L.: Preliminary reference Earth model,\nPhys. Earth Planet. In., 25, 297\u2013356,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-9201(81)90046-7, 1981.","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(81)90046-7"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic\nocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183\u2013204,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019&amp;lt;0183:EIMOBO&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: TPXO9-atlas, available at: http:\/\/volkov.oce.orst.edu\/tides\/tpxo9_atlas.html (last access: 7 February 2020), 2019."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, W. E.: Deformation of the Earth by surface loads, Rev. Geophys.,\n10, 761\u2013797, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/RG010i003p00761, 1972.","DOI":"10.1029\/RG010i003p00761"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Fok, H. S.: Ocean tides modeling using satellite altimetry, PhD thesis,\nThe Ohio State University, USA, 187 pp., 2012."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Fok, H. S., Shum, C. K., and Yi, Y.: The OSU12 Global Ocean Tide Model, Version 1.0, available at: https:\/\/geodesy.geology.ohio-state.edu\/oceantides\/OSU12v1.0\/readme1st.dat (last access: 7 February 2020), 2012."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foreman, M. G. G., Cherniawsky, J. Y., and Ballamtyne, V. A.: Versatile\nharmonic tidal analysis: improvements and applications, J. Atmos. Ocean.\nTech., 26, 806\u2013817, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2008jtecho615.1, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO615.1"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"GSI: Terms of service of GSI's GNSS stations data, available at: http:\/\/datahouse1.gsi.go.jp\/terras\/terras_english.html (last access: 7 February 2020), 2015."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"IRIS DMC: Data Services Products: EMC-Reference Models, available at: http:\/\/ds.iris.edu\/ds\/products\/emc-referencemodels\/ (last access: 7 February 2020), 2011."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T. and Simons, M.: Probing asthenospheric density, temperature, and\nelastic moduli below the Western United States, Science, 332, 947\u2013951,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1202584, 2011.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202584"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T., Okubo, M., and Sagiya, T.: High resolution mapping of Earth tide\nresponse based on GPS data in Japan, J. Geodyn., 48, 253\u2013259,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jog.2009.09.012, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2009.09.012"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"JODC: J-DOSS: JODC Data On-line Service System, available at: https:\/\/www.jodc.go.jp\/jodcweb\/JDOSS\/index.html (last access: 7 February 2020), 2018."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"JPL: GNSS Science Data, available at: https:\/\/sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov\/ (last access: 7 February 2020), 2019."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kustowski, B., Ekstr\u00f6m, G., and Dziewo\u0144ski, A. M.: Anisotropic\nshear-wave velocity structure of the Earth's mantle: A global model, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, B06306, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JB005169,\n2008.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005169"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, H. C. P., Mitrovica, J. X., Davis, J. L., Tromp, J., Yang, H.-Y., and\nAl-Attar, D.: Tidal tomography constrains Earth's deep-mantle buoyancy,\nNature, 551, 321\u2013326, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature24452, 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24452"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lef\u00e8vre, F., Le Provost, C., and Lyard, F. H.: How can we improve a\nglobal ocean tide model at a regional scale? A test on the Yellow Sea and\nthe East China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 8707\u20138725,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999JC900281, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900281"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"LEGOS, NOVELTIS and CLS: FES (Finite Element Solution)-Global tide, FES2014, available at: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/en\/data\/products\/auxiliary-products\/global-tide-fes.html (last access: 7 February 2020), 2016."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyard, F., Lef\u00e8vre, F., Letellier, T., and Francis, O.: Modelling the\nglobal ocean tides: modern insights from FES2004, Ocean Dynam., 56, 394\u2013415,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10236-006-0086-x, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-006-0086-x"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martens, H. R., Simons, M., Owen, S., and Rivera, L.: Observations of ocean\ntidal load response in South America from subdaily GPS positions, Geophys.\nJ. Int., 205, 1637\u20131664, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggw087, 2016.","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw087"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, K., Takanezawa, T., and Ooe, M.: Ocean tide models developed by\nassimilating TOPEX\/POSEIDON altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: A\nglobal model and a regional model around Japan, J. Oceanogr., 56, 567\u2013581,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1011157212596, 2000.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011157212596"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penna, N. T., Clarke, P. J., Bos, M. S., and Baker, T. F.: Ocean tide\nloading displacements in western Europe: 1. Validation of kinematic GPS\nestimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 6523\u20136539,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015JB011882, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011882"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Petit, G. and Luzum, B.: IERS conventions (2010), IERS, Frankfurt am Main,\nGermany, IERS Technical Note No. 36, 179 pp., 2010."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, R. D.: Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean\ntides, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4570\u20134584,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrc.20336, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20336"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, R. D., Loomis, B. D., Luthcke, S. B., and Rachlin, K. E.: Tests of\nocean-tide models by analysis of satellite-to-satellite range measurements:\nan update, Geophys. J. Int., 217, 1174\u20131178,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggz062, 2019.","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggz062"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Savcenko, R. and Bosch, W.: EOT11a \u2013 Global Empirical Ocean Tide model from\nmulti-mission satellite altimetry, Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches\nForschungsinstitut (DGFI), M\u00fcnchen, Germany, DGFI Rep. No. 89, 49 pp.,\n2012."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stammer, D., Ray, R. D., Andersen, O. B., Arbic, B. K., Bosch, W.,\nCarr\u00e8re, L., Cheng, Y., Chinn, D. S., Dushaw, B. D., Egbert, G. D.,\nErofeeva, S. Y., Fok, H. S., Green, J. A. M., Griffiths, S., King, M. A.,\nLapin, V., Lemoine, F. G., Luthcke, S. B., Lyard, F., Morison, J.,\nM\u00fcller, M., Padman, L., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Shum, C. K.,\nTaguchi, E., and Yi, Y.: Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide\nmodels, Rev. Geophys., 52, 243\u2013282, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014RG000450,\n2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000450"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taguchi, E., Stammer, D., and Zahel, W.: Inferring deep ocean tidal energy\ndissipation from the global high-resolution data-assimilative HAMTIDE model,\nJ. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 4573\u20134592,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013JC009766, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009766"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, I. D., King, M. A., and Clarke, P. J.: A comparison of GPS, VLBI and\nmodel estimates of ocean tide loading displacements, J. Geodesy, 81,\n359\u2013368, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-006-0118-9, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-006-0118-9"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F.: Generic\nMapping Tools: Improved version released, EOS T. Am.\nGeophys. Un., 94, 409\u2013410, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013eo450001, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO450001"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L. G. and Chao, B. F.: Analysis of tidal signals in surface\ndisplacement measured by a dense continuous GPS array, Earth Planet. Sc.\nLett., 355, 255\u2013261, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.08.035, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.08.035"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L. G., Ding, X. L., Zhong, P., Chen, W., and Huang, D. F.: Estimates\nof ocean tide loading displacements and its impact on position time series\nin Hong Kong using a dense continuous GPS network, J. Geodesy, 83, 999\u20131015,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-009-0319-0, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-009-0319-0"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L. G., Chao, B. F., Ding, X. L., and Zhong, P.: The tidal displacement\nfield at Earth's surface determined using global GPS observations, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 2618\u20132632, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrb.50159,\n2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50159"}],"container-title":["Solid Earth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/se.copernicus.org\/articles\/11\/185\/2020\/se-11-185-2020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T22:07:37Z","timestamp":1738361257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/se.copernicus.org\/articles\/11\/185\/2020\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/se-11-185-2020","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-EC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC4","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/se-2019-133-EC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1869-9529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-9529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]}}}