{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:08:22Z","timestamp":1772262502156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["254966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["254966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTA-MET\/28914\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-MET\/28914\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Cryosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Land cover in sub-polar and alpine regions of northern and eastern\nEurope have already begun changing due to natural and anthropogenic changes\nsuch as afforestation. This will impact the regional climate and hydrology\nupon which societies in these regions are highly reliant. This study aims to\nidentify the impacts of afforestation\/reforestation (hereafter\nafforestation) on snow and the snow-albedo effect and highlight potential\nimprovements for future model development. The study uses an ensemble of\nnine regional climate models for two different idealised experiments\ncovering a 30-year period; one experiment replaces most land cover in Europe\nwith forest, while the other experiment replaces all forested areas with\ngrass. The ensemble consists of nine regional climate models composed of\ndifferent combinations of five regional atmospheric models and six land\nsurface models. Results show that afforestation reduces the snow-albedo\nsensitivity index and enhances snowmelt. While the direction of change is\nrobustly modelled, there is still uncertainty in the magnitude of change.\nThe greatest differences between models emerge in the snowmelt season. One\nregional climate model uses different land surface models which shows\nconsistent changes between the three simulations during the accumulation\nperiod but differs in the snowmelt season. Together these results point to\nthe need for further model development in representing both grass\u2013snow and\nforest\u2013snow interactions during the snowmelt season. Pathways to\naccomplishing this include (1)\u00a0a more sophisticated representation of forest\nstructure, (2)\u00a0kilometre-scale simulations, and (3)\u00a0more observational studies\non vegetation\u2013snow interactions in northern Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-16-1383-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T07:52:15Z","timestamp":1650441135000},"page":"1383-1397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Land\u2013atmosphere interactions in sub-polar and alpine climates in the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS) models \u2013 Part 2: The role of changing vegetation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla A.","family":"Mooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Rechid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard L.","family":"Davin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0863-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Katragkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"de Noblet-Ducoudr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Breil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0259-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita M.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Sophie","family":"Daloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-4858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela C. A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9155-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. M.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannis","family":"Sofiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Strada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustav","family":"Strandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1958-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merja H.","family":"Toelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne T.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abermann, J., Eckerstorfer, M., Malnes, E., and Hansen, B. U.: A large wet\nsnow avalanche cycle in West Greenland quantified using remote sensing and\nin situ observations, Nat. Hazards, 97, 517\u2013534,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-019-03655-8, 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-019-03655-8"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlage, M., Zeng, X., Wei, H., and Mitchell, K. E.: A global\n0.05\u2218 maximum albedo dataset of snow-covered land based on MODIS\nobservations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17405, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005GL022881,\n2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022881"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, E., Lehning, M., and Fiddes, J.: Changes in Climatology, Snow Cover,\nand Ground Temperatures at High Alpine Locations, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 100,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2020.00100, 2020.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00100"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, F. J. and Sch\u00e4dler, G.: Comparison of Soil Hydraulic\nParameterizations for Mesoscale Meteorological Models, J. Appl. Meteorol.,\n44, 1116\u20131132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAM2259.1, 2005.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2259.1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of\nhomogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 373\u2013398, 1988.","DOI":"10.1256\/smsqj.48005"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherubini, F., Huang, B., Hu, X., T\u00f6lle, M. H., and Str\u00f8mman, A. H.:\nQuantifying the climate response to extreme land cover changes in Europe\nwith a regional model, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074002,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac794, 2018.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac794"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, B. I., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., and Epstein, H. E.: Rapid vegetation\nresponses and feedbacks amplify climate model response to snow cover\nchanges, Clim. Dynam., 30, 391\u2013406, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-007-0296-z, 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-007-0296-z"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"COSMO: COSMO Model Licence [data set], http:\/\/www.cosmo-model.org\/content\/consortium\/licencing.htm (last access: 12\u00a0August\u00a02021), 2022."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daloz, A. S., Schwingshackl, C., Mooney, P., Strada, S., Rechid, D., Davin, E. L., Katragkou, E., de Noblet-Ducoudr\u00e9, N., Belda, M., Halenka, T., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Hoffmann, P., Lima, D. C. A., Meier, R., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strandberg, G., Toelle, M. H., and Lund, M. T.: Land-atmosphere interactions in sub-polar and alpine climates in the CORDEX FPS LUCAS models: I. Evaluation of the snow-albedo effect, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-2021-290, in review, 2021.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-2021-290"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Coppola, E., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L. L., Katragkou, E., de Noblet-Ducoudr\u00e9, N., Radtke, K., Raffa, M., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., T\u00f6lle, M. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Biogeophysical impacts of forestation in Europe: first results from the LUCAS (Land Use and Climate Across Scales) regional climate model intercomparison, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 183\u2013200, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/esd-11-183-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-11-183-2020"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deardorff, J. W.: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and\nmoisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,\n83, 1889\u20131903, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JC083iC04p01889, 1978.","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC04p01889"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,\nKobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,\nBechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N.,\nDelsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.\nB., Hersbach, H., H\u00f3lm, E. V., Isaksen, L., K\u00e5llberg, P.,\nK\u00f6hler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M.,\nMorcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C.,\nTh\u00e9paut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis:\nconfiguration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553\u2013597, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.828, 2011 (data available at: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/en\/forecasts\/datasets\/reanalysis-datasets\/era-interim, last access: 28\u00a0November\u00a02018).","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, R. E.: Land surface processes and climate-surface albedos and\nenergy balance, Adv. Geophys., 25, 305\u2013353, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Doms, G., F\u00f6rstner, J., Heise, E., Herzog, H.-J., Mironov, D.,\nRaschendorfer, M., Reinhardt, T., Ritter, Schrodin, B. R., Schulz, J.-P.,\nand Vogel, G.: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional Model LM, Part II:\nPhysical Parameterization, Deutscher\nWetterdienst (DWD), 2013."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncker, P. S., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Gundersen, P., Katzensteiner, K., De\nJong, J., Ravn, H. P., Smith, M., Eckm\u00fcllner, O., and Spiecker, H.: How forest management\naffects ecosystem services, including timber production and economic return\nsynergies and trade-offs, Ecol. Soc., 17, 1\u201317, 2012.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05066-170450"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essery, R., Pomeroy, J., Parviainen, J., and Storck, P.: Sublimation of Snow\nfrom Coniferous Forests in a Climate Model, J. Climate, 16, 1855\u20131864,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016&amp;lt;1855:SOSFCF&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 2003.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<1855:SOSFCF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essery, R., Rutter, N., Pomeroy, J., Baxter, R., St\u00e4hli, M., Gustafsson,\nD., Barr, A., Bartlett, P., and Elder, K.: SNOWMIP2: An Evaluation of Forest\nSnow Process Simulations, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 1120\u20131136,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009BAMS2629.1, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2629.1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Framstad, E., Berglund, H., Gundersen, V., Heikkil\u00e4, R., Lankinen, N.,\nPeltola, T., Risb\u00f8l, O., and Weih, M.: Increased biomass harvesting for\nbioenergy: Effects on biodiversity, landscape amenities and cultural\nheritage values, TemaNord, Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers, 591, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6027\/TN2009-591, 2009.","DOI":"10.6027\/tn2009-591"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Solmon, F., Mariotti, L., Sylla, M. B., Bi, X., Elguindi, N., Diro,\nG. T., Nair, V., Giuliani, G., Turuncoglu, U. U., Cozzini, S., G\u00fcttler, I., O'Brien, T. A.,\nTawfik, A. B., Shalaby, A., Zakey, A. S., Steiner, A. L., Stordal, F., Sloan, L. C., and\nBrankovic, C.: RegCM4: model description and preliminary tests over multiple\nCORDEX domains, Clim. Res., 52, 7\u201329, 2012.","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01018"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Giorgi, F., Solmon, F., Bi, X., Coppola, E., Giuliani, G., Turun\u00e7o\u011flu, U., G\u00fcttler, I., Mariotti, L.,\nRita, N., O'Brien, T. A., Tawfik, A., Elguindi, N., Piani, S., Pal, J., Diro, G. T., and Shalaby, A.: ictp-esp\/RegCM: Paper Release (4.7.1), Zenodo [data set], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4603556, 2021."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golding, D. L. and Swanson, R. H.: Snow accumulation and melt in small\nforest openings in Alberta, Can. J. Forest Res., 8, 380\u2013388,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/x78-057, 1978.","DOI":"10.1139\/x78-057"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Grabe, F.: Simulation der Wechselwirkung zwischen Atmosph\u00e4re, Vegetation\nund Erdoberfl\u00e4che bei Verwendung unterschiedlicher\nParametrisierungsans\u00e4tze, PhD Thesis, Inst. for Meteorology and Climate\nResearch, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2002."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedstrom, N. R. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Measurements and modelling of snow\ninterception in the boreal forest, Hydrol. Process., 12, 1611\u20131625,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199808\/09)12:10\/11&amp;lt;1611::AID-HYP684&amp;gt;3.0.CO;2-4, 1998.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199808\/09)12:10\/11<1611::AID-HYP684>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC\nspecial report on climate change, desertification, land degradation,\nsustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in\nterrestrial ecosystems, edited by: Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Calvo Buendia, E.,\nMasson-Delmotte, V., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Zhai, P., Slade, R.,\nConnors, S., van Diemen, R., Ferrat, M., Haughey, E., Luz, S., Neogi, S., Pathak, M.,\nPetzold, J., Portugal Pereira, J., Vyas, P., Huntley, E., Kissick, K.,\nBelkacemi, M., and Malley, J., in press, 2019."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, D., Elizalde, A., Haensler, A., Hagemann, S., Kumar, P., Podzun, R.,\nRechid, D., Remedio, A. R., Saeed, F., Sieck, K., Teichmann, C., and\nWilhelm, C.: Assessing the Transferability of the Regional Climate Model\nREMO to Different COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment\n(CORDEX) Regions, Atmosphere, 3, 181\u2013199, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos3010181, 2012.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos3010181"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer,\nL. M., Braun, A., Colette, A., D\u00e9qu\u00e9, M., Georgievski, G.,\nGeorgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A.,\nHempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., Kr\u00f6ner, N.,\nKotlarski, S., Kriegsmann, A., Martin, E., van Meijgaard, E., Moseley, C.,\nPfeifer, S., Preuschmann, S., Radermacher, C., Radtke, K., Rechid, D.,\nRounsevell, M., Samuelsson, P., Somot, S., Soussana, J.-F., Teichmann, C.,\nValentini, R., Vautard, R., Weber, B., and Yiou, P.: EURO-CORDEX: new\nhigh-resolution climate change projections for European impact research,\nReg. Environ. Change, 14, 563\u2013578,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katragkou, E., Garc\u00eda-D\u00edez, M., Vautard, R., Sobolowski, S., Zanis, P., Alexandri, G., Cardoso, R. M., Colette, A., Fernandez, J., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Karacostas, T., Knist, S., Mayer, S., Soares, P. M. M., Pytharoulis, I., Tegoulias, I., Tsikerdekis, A., and Jacob, D.: Regional climate hindcast simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 603\u2013618, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-8-603-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-603-2015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krinner, G., Derksen, C., Essery, R., Flanner, M., Hagemann, S., Clark, M., Hall, A., Rott, H., Brutel-Vuilmet, C., Kim, H., M\u00e9nard, C. B., Mudryk, L., Thackeray, C., Wang, L., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Bartlett, P., Boike, J., Boone, A., Ch\u00e9ruy, F., Colin, J., Cuntz, M., Dai, Y., Decharme, B., Derry, J., Ducharne, A., Dutra, E., Fang, X., Fierz, C., Ghattas, J., Gusev, Y., Haverd, V., Kontu, A., Lafaysse, M., Law, R., Lawrence, D., Li, W., Marke, T., Marks, D., M\u00e9n\u00e9goz, M., Nasonova, O., Nitta, T., Niwano, M., Pomeroy, J., Raleigh, M. S., Schaedler, G., Semenov, V., Smirnova, T. G., Stacke, T., Strasser, U., Svenson, S., Turkov, D., Wang, T., Wever, N., Yuan, H., Zhou, W., and Zhu, D.: ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 5027\u20135049, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-11-5027-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-5027-2018"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Kotlarski, S.: A Subgrid Glacier Parameterisation for Use in Regional\nClimate Modelling, PhD thesis, Reports on Earth System Science No. 42, Max\nPlanck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, http:\/\/www.mpimet.mpg.de\/fileadmin\/publikationen\/Reports\/WEB_BzE_42.pdf (last access: 8\u00a0April\u00a02022), 2007."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R. A., Koven, C. D., Oleson, K. W., Swenson, S. C.,\nBonan, G., Collier, N., Ghimire, B., van Kampenhout, L., Kennedy, D.,\nKluzek, E., Lawrence, P. J., Li, F., Li, H., Lombardozzi, D., Riley, W. J.,\nSacks, W. J., Shi, M., Vertenstein, M., Wieder, W. R., Xu, C., Ali, A. A.,\nBadger, A. M., Bisht, G., van den Broeke, M., Brunke, M. A., Burns, S. P.,\nBuzan, J., Clark, M., Craig, A., Dahlin, K., Drewniak, B., Fisher, J. B.,\nFlanner, M., Fox, A. M., Gentine, P., Hoffman, F., Keppel-Aleks, G., Knox,\nR., Kumar, S., Lenaerts, J., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W. H., Lu, Y., Pandey,\nA., Pelletier, J. D., Perket, J., Randerson, J. T., Ricciuto, D. M.,\nSanderson, B. M., Slater, A., Subin, Z. M., Tang, J., Thomas, R. Q., Val\nMartin, M., and Zeng, X.: The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of\nNew Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 4245\u20134287, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018MS001583,\n2019.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001583"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundquist, J. D., Dickerson-Lange, S. E., Lutz, J. A., and Cristea, N. C.:\nLower forest density enhances snow retention in regions with warmer winters:\nA global framework developed from plot-scale observations and modeling,\nWater Resour. Res., 49, 6356\u20136370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrcr.20504,\n2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20504"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matiu, M., Petitta, M., Notarnicola, C., and Zebisch, M.: Evaluating Snow in\nEURO-CORDEX Regional Climate Models with Observations for the European Alps:\nBiases and Their Relationship to Orography, Temperature, and Precipitation\nMismatches, Atmosphere, 11, 46, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos11010046, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11010046"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney, P. A., Mulligan, F. J., and Fealy, R.: Evaluation of the Sensitivity\nof the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to Parameterization Schemes\nfor Regional Climates of Europe over the Period 1990\u201395, J. Climate, 26,\n1002\u20131017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00676.1, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00676.1"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney, P. A., Sobolowski, S., and Lee, H.: Designing and evaluating\nregional climate simulations for high latitude land use land cover change\nstudies, Tellus A, 72, 1\u201317,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16000870.2020.1853437, 2020.","DOI":"10.1080\/16000870.2020.1853437"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney, P. A., Lee, H., and Sobolowski, S.: Impact of Quasi-Idealized Future\nLand Cover Scenarios at High Latitudes in Complex Terrain, Earths Future, 9,\ne2020EF001838, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020EF001838, 2021.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001838"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudryk, L., Santolaria-Ot\u00edn, M., Krinner, G., M\u00e9n\u00e9goz, M., Derksen, C., Brutel-Vuilmet, C., Brady, M., and Essery, R.: Historical Northern Hemisphere snow cover trends and projected changes in the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble, The Cryosphere, 14, 2495\u20132514, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-14-2495-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-2495-2020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers-Smith, I. H., Kerby, J. T., Phoenix, G. K., Bjerke, J. W., Epstein, H.\nE., Assmann, J. J., John, C., Andreu-Hayles, L., Angers-Blondin, S., Beck,\nP. S. A., Berner, L. T., Bhatt, U. S., Bjorkman, A. D., Blok, D., Bryn, A.,\nChristiansen, C. T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Cunliffe, A. M., Elmendorf, S.\nC., Forbes, B. C., Goetz, S. J., Hollister, R. D., de Jong, R., Loranty, M.\nM., Macias-Fauria, M., Maseyk, K., Normand, S., Olofsson, J., Parker, T. C.,\nParmentier, F.-J. W., Post, E., Schaepman-Strub, G., Stordal, F., Sullivan,\nP. F., Thomas, H. J. D., T\u00f8mmervik, H., Treharne, R., Tweedie, C. E.,\nWalker, D. A., Wilmking, M., and Wipf, S.: Complexity revealed in the\ngreening of the Arctic, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 106\u2013117,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-019-0688-1, 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0688-1"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myhre, G. and Myhre, A.: Uncertainties in Radiative Forcing due to Surface\nAlbedo Changes Caused by Land-Use Changes, J. Climate, 16, 1511\u20131524,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016&amp;lt;1511:UIRFDT&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 2003.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442-16.10.1511"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L.: An observation-based formulation of snow cover\nfraction and its evaluation over large North American river basins, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D21101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JD008674, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008674"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M.,\nKumar, A., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Rosero, E., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.: The\ncommunity Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options\n(Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale\nmeasurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12109,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010JD015139, 2011.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015139"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Oleson, K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Flanner, M. G., Kluzek, E.,\nLawrence, P. J., and Zeng, X.: Technical Description of version\n4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM) (No. NCAR\/TN-478+STR), University\nCorporation for Atmospheric Research, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5065\/D6FB50WZ, 2010."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Oleson K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Drewniak, B., Huang, M., Koven, C. D., Levis, S., Li, F.,\nRiley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Swenson, S., Thornton, P. E., Bozbiyik, A., Fisher, R., Heald, C. L.,\nKluzek, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, P. J., Leung, L. R., Lipscomb, W., Muszala, S. P.,\nRicciuto, D. M., Sacks, W. J., Sun, Y., Tang, J., and Yang, Z.-L.: Technical description of version 4.5 of the\nCommunity Land Model (CLM), No. NCAR\/TN-503+STR, University Corporation for\nAtmospheric Research, 420 pp., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5065\/D6RR1W7M, 2013."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powers, J. G., Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., Davis, C. A., Dudhia, J.,\nGill, D. O., Coen, J. L., Gochis, D. J., Ahmadov, R., Peckham, S. E., Grell,\nG. A., Michalakes, J., Trahan, S., Benjamin, S. G., Alexander, C. R.,\nDimego, G. J., Wang, W., Schwartz, C. S., Romine, G. S., Liu, Z., Snyder,\nC., Chen, F., Barlage, M. J., Yu, W., and Duda, M. G.: The Weather Research\nand Forecasting Model: Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions,\nB. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1717\u20131737,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00308.1, 2017.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00308.1"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Rechid, D., Davin, E., de Noblet-Ducoudr\u00e9, N., and Katragkou, E.: CORDEX\nFlagship Pilot Study LUCAS \u2013 Land Use &amp;amp; Climate Across Scales \u2013 a new\ninitiative on coordinated regional land use change and climate experiments\nfor Europe, 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017,\n23\u201328 April 2017, Vienna, Austria, 19, p. 13172, 2017."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritter, B. and Geleyn, J-.F.: A Comprehensive Radiation Scheme for Numerical\nWeather Prediction Models with Potential Applications in Climate\nSimulations, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 303\u2013325,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0493(1992)120&amp;lt;0303:ACRSFN&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 1992.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1992)120<0303:ACRSFN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bentsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., D\u00fcmenil,\nL., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U.: The atmospheric\ngeneral circulation model ECHAM-4: Model description and simulation of\npresent day climate, Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Report No.\n218, 90 pp., https:\/\/mpimet.mpg.de\/fileadmin\/publikationen\/Reports\/MPI-Report_218.pdf (last access: 8\u00a0April\u00a02022), 1996."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Samuelsson, P., Gollvik, S., and Ullerstig, A.: The land-surface scheme of\nthe Rossby Centre regional atmospheric model (RCA3), Reports Meteorology,\n122, SMHI, SE-60176 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden, ISSN\u00a00283-7730, 2006."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Samuelsson, P., Gollvik S., Jansson, C., Kupiainen, M., Kourzeneva, E., and\nJan van de Berg, W.: The surface processes of the Rossby Centre regional\natmospheric climate model (RCA4), Reports Meteorology, 157, SMHI,\nNorrk\u00f6ping, Sweden, ISSN\u00a00283-7730, 2015."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Schulzweida, U.: CDO User Guide (1.9.8), Zenodo [data set], https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3539275, 2019."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Schrodin, E. and Heise, E.: A new multi-layer soil model, COSMO Newsletter\nNo. 2, 149\u2013151, 2002."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofiadis, G., Katragkou, E., Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L., Meier, R., Mooney, P. A., Soares, P. M. M., Strada, S., T\u00f6lle, M. H., and Warrach Sagi, K.: Afforestation impact on soil temperature in regional climate model simulations over Europe, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 595\u2013616, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-15-595-2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-595-2022"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellers, P. J.: Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration, Int. J.\nRemote Sens., 6, 1335\u20131372, 1985.","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948283"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rland, S. L., Brogli, R., Pothapakula, P. K., Russo, E., Van de Walle, J., Ahrens, B., Anders, I., Bucchignani, E., Davin, E. L., Demory, M.-E., Dosio, A., Feldmann, H., Fr\u00fch, B., Geyer, B., Keuler, K., Lee, D., Li, D., van Lipzig, N. P. M., Min, S.-K., Panitz, H.-J., Rockel, B., Sch\u00e4r, C., Steger, C., and Thiery, W.: COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5125\u20135154, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-14-5125-2021, 2021 (data available at: https:\/\/www.dwd.de\/EN\/ourservices\/cosmo_documentation\/cosmo_documentation.html, last access: 30\u00a0August\u00a02021).","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-14-5125-2021"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Strandberg, G., B\u00e4rring, L., Hansson, U., Jansson, C., Jones, C.,\nKjellstr\u00f6m, E., Kolax, M., Kupiainen, M., Nikulin, G., Samuelsson, P.,\nUllerstig, A., and Wang, S.: CORDEX scenarios for Europe from the Rossby\nCentre regional climate model RCA4, SMHI Meteorology and Climatology Rep.\n116, 84 pp., https:\/\/www.smhi.se\/polopoly_fs\/1.90275!\/Menu\/general\/extGroup\/attachmentColHold\/mainCol1\/file\/RMK_116.pdf (last access: 8\u00a0April\u00a02022), 2015."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturm, M., Taras, B., Liston, G. E., Derksen, C., Jonas, T., and Lea, J.:\nEstimating Snow Water Equivalent Using Snow Depth Data and Climate\nClasses, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 1380\u20131394,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2010JHM1202.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1202.1"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thackeray, C. W., Fletcher, C. G., and Derksen, C.: Diagnosing the Impacts\nof Northern Hemisphere Surface Albedo Biases on Simulated Climate, J. Climate,\n32, 1777\u20131795, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0083.1, 2019.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0083.1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toon, O. B., McKay, C. P., Ackerman, T. P., and Santhanam, K.: Rapid\ncalculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in\ninhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 94,\n16287\u201316301,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JD094iD13p16287, 1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD13p16287"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Kampenhout, L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lipscomb, W. H., Sacks, W. J.,\nLawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Improving the\nRepresentation of Polar Snow and Firn in the Community Earth System Model,\nJ. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 9, 2583\u20132600,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017MS000988, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/2017MS000988"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varhola, A., Coops, N. C., Weiler, M., and Moore, R. D.: Forest canopy\neffects on snow accumulation and ablation: An integrative review of\nempirical results, J. Hydrol., 392, 219\u2013233,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.08.009, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.08.009"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verseghy, D. L., McFarlane, N. A., and Lazare, M.: CLASS \u2013 A Canadian land\nsurface scheme for GCMs, II. Vegetation model and coupled runs, Int. J.\nClimatol., 13, 347\u2013370, 1993.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370130402"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A. and Zeng, X.: Improving the treatment of the vertical snow burial\nfraction over short vegetation in the NCAR CLM3, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26,\n877\u2013886, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00376-009-8098-3, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8098-3"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Woodcock, C. E., Sonnentag, O., Keeling, R.\nF., and Friedl, M. A.: Extensive land cover change across Arctic\u2013Boreal\nNorthwestern North America from disturbance and climate forcing, Glob.\nChange Biol., 26, 807\u2013822, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.14804, 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14804"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilhelm, C., Rechid, D., and Jacob, D.: Interactive coupling of regional atmosphere with biosphere in the new generation regional climate system model REMO-iMOVE, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1093\u20131114, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-7-1093-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-1093-2014"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L. and Dirmeyer, P.: Snow-atmosphere coupling strength in a global\natmospheric model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13401,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011GL048049, 2011.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048049"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L. and Dirmeyer, P.: Snow-Atmosphere Coupling Strength. Part II: Albedo\nEffect Versus Hydrological Effect, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 404\u2013418,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JHM-D-11-0103.1, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-0103.1"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, X., Dickinson, R. E., Barlage, M., Dai, Y., Wang, G., and Oleson, K.:\nTreatment of under-canopy turbulence in land models, J. Climate, 18,\n5086\u20135094, 2005.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3595.1"}],"container-title":["The Cryosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tc.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1383\/2022\/tc-16-1383-2022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T13:16:06Z","timestamp":1737638166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tc.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/1383\/2022\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-16-1383-2022","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/tc-2021-291-RC2","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmd-14-5125-2021","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.3539275","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/qj.828","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.4603556","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1994-0424"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1994-0424","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]}}}