{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1777288696422,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":294,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB\/TRR 165, Transregional Collaborative ResearchCenter \u201cWaves to Weather\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB\/TRR 165, Transregional Collaborative ResearchCenter \u201cWaves to Weather\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001961","name":"AXA Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AXA Chair \u201cRegionalClimate and Weather Hazards\u201d, https:\/\/www.axa-research.org\/en\/project\/joaquim-pinto"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AXA Chair \u201cRegionalClimate and Weather Hazards\u201d, https:\/\/www.axa-research.org\/en\/project\/joaquim-pinto"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HOLMODRIVE, grant no. PTDC\/CTA-GEO\/29029\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HOLMODRIVE, grant no. PTDC\/CTA-GEO\/29029\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WEx-Atlantic, grant no. PTDC\/CTAMET\/29233\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WEx-Atlantic, grant no. PTDC\/CTAMET\/29233\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scientific Employment Stimulus 2017, grant no. CEECIND\/00027\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Employment Stimulus 2017, grant no. CEECIND\/00027\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["178751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["178751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weather Clim. Dynam."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The physical understanding and timely prediction of extreme weather events are of enormous importance to society due to their associated impacts. In this article, we highlight several types of weather extremes occurring in Europe in connection with a particular atmospheric flow pattern, known as atmospheric blocking. This flow pattern effectively blocks the prevailing westerly large-scale atmospheric flow, resulting in changing flow anomalies in the vicinity of the blocking system and persistent conditions in the immediate region of its occurrence. Blocking systems are long-lasting, quasi-stationary and self-sustaining systems that occur frequently over certain regions. Their presence and characteristics have an impact on the predictability of weather extremes and can thus be used as potential indicators. The phasing between the surface and the upper-level blocking anomalies is of major importance for the development of the extreme event. In summer, heat waves and droughts form below the blocking anticyclone primarily via large-scale subsidence that leads to cloud-free skies and, thus, persistent shortwave radiative warming of the ground. In winter, cold waves that occur during atmospheric blocking are normally observed downstream or south of these systems. Here, meridional advection of cold air masses from higher latitudes plays a decisive role. Depending on their location, blocking systems also may lead to a shift in the storm track, which influences the occurrence of wind and precipitation anomalies. Due to these multifaceted linkages, compound events are often observed in conjunction with blocking conditions. In addition to the aforementioned relations, the predictability of extreme events associated with blocking and links to climate change are assessed. Finally, current knowledge gaps and pertinent research perspectives for the future are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/wcd-3-305-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1648547151000},"page":"305-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["Atmospheric blocking and weather extremes over the Euro-Atlantic sector \u2013 a review"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lisa-Ann","family":"Kautz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Martius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Pfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8865-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim G.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3129-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5815-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Woollings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfieri, L., Dottori, F., Betts, R., Salamon, P., and Feyen, L.: Multi-model projections of river flood risk in Europe under global warming, Climate, 6, 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli6010006, 2018.\u2002a","DOI":"10.3390\/cli6010006"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altenhoff, A.\u00a0M., Martius, O., Croci-Maspoli, M., Schwierz, C., and Davies,\nH.\u00a0C.: Linkage of atmospheric blocks and synoptic-scale Rossby waves: a\nclimatological analysis, Tellus A, 60, 1053\u20131063, 2008.\u2002a","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2008.00354.x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagnostopoulou, C., Tolika, K., Lazoglou, G., and Maheras, P.: The\nexceptionally cold January of 2017 over the Balkan Peninsula: A\nclimatological and synoptic analysis, Atmosphere, 8, 252,\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos8120252, 2017.\u2002a, b, c, d","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8120252"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Aon: Weather, Climate and Catastrophe Insight \u2013 2017 Annual Report,\nhttp:\/\/thoughtleadership.aon.com\/Documents\/20180124-ab-if-annual-report-weather-climate-2017.pdf (last access: 21\u00a0November 2021), 2018.\u2002a"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasiadis, P.\u00a0J., Bellucci, A., Hermanson, L., Scaife, A.\u00a0A., MacLachlan,\nC., Arribas, A., Materia, S., Borrelli, A., and Gualdi, S.: The\nrepresentation of atmospheric blocking and the associated low-frequency\nvariability in two seasonal prediction systems, J. 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