{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:43:20Z","timestamp":1772718200006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Web Ecol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Acacia longifolia, a native legume from Australia, has been\nintroduced in many European countries and elsewhere, thus becoming one of the\nmost important global invasive species. In Europe, its flowering occurs in a\nperiod unsuitable for insect activity: nonetheless it is considered\nentomophilous. Floral traits of this species are puzzling: brightly coloured\nand scented as liked by insects, but with abundant staminate\nsmall-sized flowers and relatively small pollen grains, as it is common in\nanemophilous species. Invasion processes are especially favoured when\nreshaping local ecological networks, thus the interest in understanding\npollination syndromes associated with invasive plant species that may\nfacilitate invasiveness. Moreover, a striking difference exists between its\nmassive flowering and relatively poor seed set. We introduced a novel\napproach: first, we consider the possibility that a part of the pollination\nsuccess is carried on by wind and, second, we weighted the ethological\nperspective of the main pollinator. During the flowering season of A. longifolia (February\u2013April 2016), we carried on exclusion experiments to\ndetect the relative contribution of insects and wind. While the exclusion\nexperiments corroborated the need for pollen vectors, we actually recorded a\nlow abundance of insects. The honeybee, known pollinator of acacias, was\nrelatively rare and not always productive in terms of successful visits. While wind\ncontributed to seed set, focal observations confirmed that honeybees transfer pollen when visiting both the inflorescences to collect pollen and\nthe extrafloral nectaries to collect nectar. The mixed pollination strategy\nof A. longifolia may then be the basis of its success in invading\nPortugal's windy coasts.\n                    <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/we-18-47-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T13:50:47Z","timestamp":1522245047000},"page":"47-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Why so many flowers? A preliminary assessment of mixed pollination strategy enhancing sexual reproduction of the invasive &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Acacia longifolia&amp;lt;\/i&amp;gt; in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"Giovanetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"M\u00e1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, J. D.: Abiotic pollen and pollination: ecological, functional, and evolutionary perspectives, Plant Syst. Evol., 222, 167\u2013185, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00984101, 2000.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00984101"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Eisawi, D. and Dajani, B.: Airborne pollen of Jordan, Grana, 27, 219\u2013227, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00173138809428929, 1988.","DOI":"10.1080\/00173138809428929"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronne, G., Giovanetti, M., Guarracino, M. R., and Micco, V.: Foraging rules of flower selection applied by colonies of Apis mellifera: ranking and associations of floral sources, Funct. Ecol., 26, 1186\u20131196, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02017.x, 2012.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02017.x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhardt, P.: A comparison of the diversity, density, and foraging behavior of bees and wasps on Australian Acacia, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 74, 42\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2399260, 1987.","DOI":"10.2307\/2399260"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhardt, P., Kenrick, J., and Knox, R. B.: Pollination biology and the breeding system of Acacia retinodes (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden, 7, 17\u201329, 1984.","DOI":"10.2307\/2399054"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouga, M., Alaux, C., Bienkowska, M., B\u00fcchler, R., Carreck, N. L., Cauia, E., and Gregorc, A.: A review of methods for discrimination of honey bee populations as applied to European beekeeping, J. Apic. Res., 50, 51\u201384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3896\/IBRA.1.50.1.06, 2011.","DOI":"10.3896\/IBRA.1.50.1.06"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breton, C., Guerin, J., Ducatillion, C., Medail, F., Kull, C. A., and Berville, A.: Taming the wild and \u201cwilding\u201d the tame: tree breeding and dispersal in Australia and the Mediterranean, Plant Sci., 175, 197\u2013205, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plantsci.2008.05.013, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2008.05.013"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrillo, J., Wang, Y., Ding, J., and Siemann, E.: Induction of extrafloral nectar depends on herbivore type in invasive and native Chinese tallow seedlings, Basic Appl. Eco., 13, 449\u2013457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mct129, 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mct129"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Castroviejo, S. (Ed.): Flora ib\u00e9rica: plantas vasculares de la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica e Islas Baleares, 6, Rosaceae (Vol. 6), Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press, 1998."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M., Castro, F., Ferrero, V., Cris\u00f3stomo, J. A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda, S.: Reproductive biology and success of invasive Australian acacias in Portugal, Bot. J. Linnean Soc., 174, 574\u2013588, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/boj.12155, 2014.","DOI":"10.1111\/boj.12155"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M., Montesinos, D., French, K., and Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda, S.: Evidence for enemy release and increased seed production and size for two invasive Australian acacias, J. Ecol., 104, 1391\u20131399, 2016.","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12612"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culley, T. M., Weller, S. G., and Sakai, A. K.: The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms, Trends Ecol. Evol., 17, 361\u2013369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02540-5, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02540-5"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del-Claro, K., Stefani, V., Lange, D., Vilela, A. A., Nahas, L., Velasques, M., and Torezan-Silingardi, H. M.: The importance of natural history studies for a better comprehension of animal-plant interaction networks, Biosci. J., 29, 439\u2013448, 2013.","DOI":"10.14393\/BJ-v29n2a2013-17892"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Vecchio, S., Acosta, A., and Stanisci, A.: The impact of Acacia saligna invasion on Italian coastal dune EC habitats, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 336, 364\u2013369, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2013.06.004"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y. W., Zhang, T. F., He, Y. P., and Liu, J. Q.: Insect and wind pollination of an alpine biennial Aconitum gymnandrum (Ranunculaceae), Plant Biol., 11, 796\u2013802, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2009.00195.x, 2009.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2009.00195.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faegri, K. and Van der Pijl, L.: The principles of pollination ecology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-023160-0.50006-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, P., Antunes, C., Correia, O., and M\u00e1guas, C.: Do climatic and habitat conditions affect the reproductive success of an invasive tree species? An assessment of the phenology of Acacia longifolia in Portugal, Plant. Ecol., 216, 343\u2013355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11258-014-0441-9, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-014-0441-9"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, J. and Barrett, S. C.: Wind of change: new insights on the ecology and evolution of pollination and mating in wind-pollinated plants, Ann. Bot., 103, 1515\u20131527, 2009.","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp035"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, M. R., Richardson, D. M., Marchante, E., Marchante, H., Rodger, J. G., Stone, G. N., and Johnson, S. D.: Reproductive biology of Australian acacias: important mediator of invasiveness?, Divers. Distrib., 17, 911\u2013933, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00808.x, 2011.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00808.x"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Giovanetti, M. and Aronne, G.: Honey bee interest in flowers with anemophilous characteristics: first notes on handling time and routine on Fraxinus ornus and Castanea sativa, Bull. Insectol., 64, 77\u201382. 2011"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Giovanetti, M., Vukovi\u0107, N., and Jelaska, S. D.: Australian acacias across eastern Adriatic\u2013abundant but not aggressive, Period. Biol., 116, 275\u2013283, 2014."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovanetti, M., Lippi, M. M., Foggi, B., and Giuliani, C.: Exploitation of the invasive Acacia pycnantha pollen and nectar resources by the native bee Apis mellifera, Ecol. Res., 30, 1065\u20131072, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11284-015-1308-9, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-015-1308-9"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, C., Giovanetti, M., Foggi, B., and Mariotti Lippi, M.: Two alien invasive acacias in Italy: differences and similarities in their flowering and insect visitors, Plant Biosyst., 150, 285\u2013294, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11263504.2014.984792, 2016.","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2014.984792"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goulson, D.: Foraging strategies of insects for gathering nectar and pollen, and implications for plant ecology and evolution, Perspect. Plant. Ecol., 2, 185\u2013209, 1999.","DOI":"10.1078\/1433-8319-00070"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasso, D. A., Pandolfi, C., Bazihizina, N., Nocentini, D., Nepi, M., and Mancuso, S.: Extrafloral-nectar-based partner manipulation in plant-ant relationships, AoB Plants, 7, 1\u201315, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aobpla\/plv002, 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plv002"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Guinet, P.: Mimosoideae: the characters of their pollen grains, edited by: Polhill, R. M. and Raven, P. H., Advances in legume systematics, Kew, RBG, 835\u2013857, 1981."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellmann, C., Sutter, R., Rascher, K. G., M\u00e1guas, C., Correia, O., and Werner, C.: Impact of an exotic N2-fixing Acacia on composition and N status of a native Mediterranean community, Acta Oecol., 37, 43\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actao.2010.11.005, 2011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2010.11.005"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Hurtado, I. and Alson, J.: Aeropollen of Mimosoideae, edited by: Muilenberg, M. L. and Burge, H. A., Aerobiology, 1996."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenrick, J.: Review of pollen\u2013pistil interactions and their relevance to the reproductive biology of Acacia, Aust. Syst. Bot., 16, 119\u2013130, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0028825X.1972.10428619, 2003.","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1972.10428619"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenrick, J. and Knox, R. B.: Function of the polyad in reproduction of Acacia, Ann. Bot., 50, 721\u2013727, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00087114.2012.760881, 1982.","DOI":"10.1080\/00087114.2012.760881"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox, R. B., Kenrick, J., Bernhardt, P., Marginson, R., Beresford, G., Baker, I., and Baker, H. G.: Extrafloral nectaries as adaptations for bird pollination in Acacia terminalis, Am J Bot., 72, 1185\u20131196, 1985.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08371.x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazzaro, L., Giuliani, C., Fabiani, A., Agnelli, A. E., Pastorelli, R., Lagomarsino, A., and Foggi, B.: Soil and plant changing after invasion: The case of Acacia dealbata in a Mediterranean ecosystem, Sci. Total Environ., 497, 491\u2013498, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.014"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Marchante, H., Marchante, E., and Freitas, H.: Invasion of the Portuguese dune ecosystems by the exotic species Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.: effects at the community level, edited by: Child, L., Brock, J. H., Brundu, G., Prach, K., Pys\u0115k, P., Wade, P., and Williamson, M., Plant invasions: ecological threats and management solutions, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 75\u201385, 2003."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montesinos, D., Castro, S., and Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda, S.: Two invasive acacia species secure generalist pollinators in invaded communities, Acta Oecol., 74, 46\u201355, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2016.06.002"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, M. C. and Freitas, H.: Phenological dynamics of the invasive plant Acacia longifolia in Portugal, Weed Res., 55, 555\u2013564, 2015","DOI":"10.1111\/wre.12177"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Proctor, M., Yeo, P., and Lack, A. (Eds): The Natural History of Pollination, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA, 1996."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascher, K. G., Gro\u00dfe-Stoltenberg, A., M\u00e1guas, C., Meira-Neto, J. A. A., and Werner, C.: Acacia longifolia invasion impacts vegetation structure and regeneration dynamics in open dunes and pine forests, Biol. Inv., 13, 1099\u20131113, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-011-9949-2, 2011a.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-011-9949-2"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascher, K. G., Gro\u00dfe-Stoltenberg, A., M\u00e1guas, C., and Werner, C.: Understory invasion by Acacia longifolia alters the water balance and carbon gain of a Mediterranean pine forest, Ecosystems, 14, 904\u2013919, 2011b.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-011-9453-7"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascher, K. G., Hellmann, C., M\u00e1guas, C., and Werner, C.: Community scale 15N isoscapes: tracing the spatial impact of an exotic N2-fixing invader, Ecol. Lett., 15, 484\u2013491, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01761.x, 2012.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01761.x"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, D. M., Carruthers, J., Hui, C., Impson, F. A., Miller, J. T., Robertson, M. P., and Wilson, J. R.: Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias \u2013 a global experiment in biogeography, Divers. Distrib., 17, 771\u2013787, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00824.x, 2011.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00824.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, B.: Pollen monitoring in Perugia and information about aerobiological data, Aerobiologia, 4, 20\u201326, 1988.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02450028"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Medina, M. S. and Fernandez, A.: Allergenic pollens in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, South America, J. Allergy, 38, 46\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-8707(66)90072-4, 1966.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(66)90072-4"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Silva, P. M.: Invas\u00e3o de Ecosistemas por Acacia longifolia \u2013 Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o da entomofauna associada e identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de potenciais polinizadores, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Science and Tecnology, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2012."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, A. G. N., Raine, B. N. E., Prescott, C. M., and Willmer, D. P. G.: Pollination ecology of acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), Aust. Syst. Bot., 16, 103\u2013118, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SB02024, 2003.","DOI":"10.1071\/SB02024"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Thorp, R. W. and Sugden, E. A.: Extrafloral nectaries producing rewards for pollinator attraction in Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd, Israel J. Bot., 39, 77\u2013186, 1990."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Tybirk, K.: Reproductive biology and evolution of the genus Acacia, International Group for the Study of Mimosoideae, 20, 45\u201353, 1997."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulm, F., Hellmann, C., Cruz, C., and M\u00e1guas, C.: N\/P imbalance as a key driver for the invasion of oligotrophic dune systems by a woody legume, Oikos, 126, 231\u2013240, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/oik.03810, 2017.","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.03810"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Vroege, P. W. and Stelleman, P.: Insect and wind pollination in Salix repens L. and Salix caprea L., Israel J. Bot., 39, 125\u2013132. 1990."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, M. G. and Keeler, K. H.: The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants, Ann. Bot., 111, 1251\u20131261, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mcs225, 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcs225"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamasaki, E. and Sakai, S.: Wind and insect pollination (ambophily) of Mallotus spp.(Euphorbiaceae) in tropical and temperate forests, Aust. J. Bot., 61, 60\u201366, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/BT12202, 2013.","DOI":"10.1071\/BT12202"}],"container-title":["Web Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/we.copernicus.org\/articles\/18\/47\/2018\/we-18-47-2018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T07:40:40Z","timestamp":1591256440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/we.copernicus.org\/articles\/18\/47\/2018\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/we-18-47-2018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1399-1183"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1399-1183","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]}}}