{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:11:18Z","timestamp":1792087878258,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["jsportscimed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deep fascia is intimately linked to skeletal muscle and may be involved in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The present study therefore explored the effect of eccentric exercise on fascia stiffness and its relation with DOMS. Healthy active male adults (n = 19, 27 \u00b1 4 years) performed 6 x 10 maximal eccentric knee flexions using an isokinetic dynamometer. Before (baseline) as well as immediately (T0), 1 hour (T1), and each day up to 72 hours (T24 to T72) afterwards, shear wave elastography was used to measure the mechanical stiffness of the biceps femoris muscle and the overlying fascia. As a surrogate of DOMS, pain upon palpation was captured by means of a 100mm visual analogue scale. While muscle stiffness remained unchanged (p &gt; 0.05), deep fascia stiffness increased from baseline to T24 (median: 18 kPa to 21.12 kPa, p = 0.017) and T72 (median: 18 kPa to 21.3 kPa, p = 0.001) post-exercise. Linear regression showed an association of stiffness changes at T24 and pressure pain at T72 (r2 = 0.22, p &lt; 0.05). Maximal eccentric exercise leads to a stiffening of the fascia, which, in turn, is related to the magnitude of future DOMS. Upcoming research should therefore gauge the effectiveness of interventions modifying the mechanical properties of the connective tissue in order to accelerate recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2022.419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T11:47:13Z","timestamp":1660823233000},"page":"419-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of Maximal Eccentric Exercise on Deep Fascia Stiffness of the Knee Flexors: A Pilot Study using Shear-Wave Elastography"],"prefix":"10.52082","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Wilke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Schwiete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Behringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"29163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agten C.A., Buck F.M., Dyer L., Fl\u00fcck M. (2017) Delayed-onset muscle soreness: temporal assessment with quantitative MRI and shear-wave ultrasound elastography. American Journal of Radiology 2, 402-412.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.16.16617"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Akagi R., Fukui T., Kubota M., Nakamura M., Ema R. (2017) Muscle shear moduli changes and frequency of alternate muscle activity of plantar flexor synergists induced by prolonged low-level contraction. Frontiers in Physiology 8, 708.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00708"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Benjamin M. (2009) The fascia of the limbs and back - a review. Journal of Anatomy 214, 1-18.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01011.x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Blottner D., Huang Y., Trautmann G., Sun L. (2019) The fascia: continuum linking bone and myofascial bag for global and local body movement control on Earth and in Space. A scoping review. Reach 14, 100030.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reach.2019.100030"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Brusco C.M., Blazevich A.J., Radaelli R., Botton C.E., Cadore E.L., Baroni B.M., Trajano G.S., Pinto R.S. (2018) The effects of flexibility training on exercise-induced muscle damage in young men with limited hamstrings flexibility. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 28, 1671-1680.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13068"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Calder\u00f3n Pellegrino G., Paredes-Hern\u00e1ndez V., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez J., Garc\u00eda-Unanue J., Gallardo L. (2020) Effect of the fatigue on the physical performance in different small-sided games in elite football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, 2338-2346.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002858"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Chapman D., Newton M., Sacco P., Nosaka K. (2006) Greater muscle damage induced by fast versus slow velocity eccentric exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, 591-598.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865920"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Cheatham S.W., Kolber M.J., Cain M., Lee M. (2015) The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 10, 827-838."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Close G.L., Ashton T., Cable T., Doran D., MacLaren D.P.M. (2004) Eccentric exercise, isokinetic muscle torque and delayed onset muscle soreness: the role of reactive oxygen species. Euopean Journal of Applied Physiology 91, 615-621.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-1012-2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Dubois G., Kheireddine W., Vergari C., Bonneau D., Thoreux P., Rouch P., Tanter M., Gennisson J.L., Skalli W. (2015) Reliable protocol for shear wave elastography of lower limb muscles at rest and during passive stretching. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 41, 2284-2291.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.04.020"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Franklin M.E., Chamness M.S., Chenier T.C., Mosteller G.C., Barrow L.A. (1993) A comparison of isokinetic eccentric exercise on delayed-onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase in the quadriceps versus the hamstrings. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 3, 68-73.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3233\/ies-1993-3201"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Frid\u00e9n J., Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M., Ekblom B. (1981) A morphological study of delayed muscle soreness. Experientia 37, 506-507.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01986165"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gleeson M., Blannin A.K., Walsh N.P., Field C.N.E., Pritchard J.C. (1998) Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on the blood lactate response to incremental exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 292-295.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050336"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Green M.A., Sinkus R., Gandevia S.C., Herbert R.D., Bilston L.E. (2011) Measuring changes in muscle stiffness aftereccentric exercise using elastography. NMR in Biomedicine 25, 852-858.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1801"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hedayatpour N., Falla D. (2015) Physiological and neural adaptations to eccentric exercise: mechanisms and considerations for training. BioMed Research International 1.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/193741"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hody S., Croisier J.L., Bury T., Rogister B., Leprince P. (2019) Eccentric muscle contractions: risks and benefits. Frontiers in Physiology 10, 536-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00536"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Konrad A., Kasahara K., Yoshida R., Yahata K., Sato S., Murakami Y., Aizawa K., Nakamura M. (2022) Relationship between Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Loss in Muscle Function to Muscle Soreness and Tissue Hardness. Healthcare 10, 96.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10010096"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Krause F., Wilke J., Niederer D., Vogt L., Banzer W. (2019) Acute effects of foam rolling on passive stiffness, stretch sensation and fascial sliding: A randomized controlled trial. Humam Movement Science 67, 102514.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102514"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Lau W.Y., Blazevich A.J., Newton M.J., Wu S.S.X., Nosaka K. (2015) Assessment of muscle pain induced by elbow-flexor eccentric exercise. Journal of Athletic Training 50, 1140-1148.  Crossref","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.05"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Mridha M., \u00d6dman S. (1985) Characterization of subcutaneous edema by mechanical impedance measurements. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 85, 575-578.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12283588"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Pablos A., Ceca D., Jorda A., Rivera P., Colmena C., Elvira L., Mart\u00ednez-Arnau F.M., Valles S.L. (2020) Protective effects of foam rolling against inflammation and notexin induced muscle damage in rats. International Journal of Medicine and Science 17, 71-81.  Crossref","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.37981"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Pavan P., Stecco A., Stern R., Stecco C. (2014) Painful connections: densification versus fibrosis of fascia. Current Headache and Pain Reports 18, 441.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0441-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Piehl-Aulin K., Laurent C., Engstr\u00f6m-Laurent A., Hellstr\u00f6m S., Henriksson J. (1985) Hyaluronan in human skeletal muscle of lower extremity: concentration, distribution, and effect of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 2493-2498.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2493"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Rosskopf A.B., Ehrmann C., Buck F.M., Gerber C., Fl\u00fcck M., Pfirrmann C.W.A. (2016) Quantitative shear-wave US elastography of the supraspinatus muscle: reliability of the method and relation to tendon integrity and muscle quality. Radiology 278, 465-474.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150908"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Schleip R., Gabbiani G., Wilke J., Naylor I., Hinz B., Zorn A., J\u00e4ger H., Breul R., Schreiner S., Klingler W. (2019) Fascia is able to actively contract and may thereby influence musculoskeletal dynamics: A histochemical and mechanographic investigation. Frontiers in Physiology 10, 336.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00336"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Schleip R., M\u00fcller D.G. (2013) Training principles for fascial connective tissues: Scientific foundation and suggested practical applications. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapy 17, 103-115.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2012.06.007"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Sigrist R.M.S., Liau J., Kaffas A.E., Chammas M.C., Willmann J.K. (2017) Ultrasound elastography: review of techniques and clinical applications. Theranostics 7, 1303-1329.  Crossref","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18650"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Taljanovic M.S., Gimber L.H., Becker G.W., Latt L.D., Klauser A.S., Melville D.M., Gao L., Witte R.S. (2017) Shear-wave elastography: basic physics and musculoskeletal applications. RadioGraphics 37, 855-870.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160116"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Ta\u015f S., Onur M.R., Y\u0131lmaz S., Soylu A.R., Korkusuz F. (2017) Shear wave elastography is a reliable and repeatable method for measuring the elastic modulus of the rectus femoris muscle and patellar tendon. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 36, 565-570.  Crossref","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.16.03032"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Tenberg S., Nosaka K., Wilke J. (2022) Fascia thickness increases following eccentric exercise leading to delayed onset muscle soreness. Sports Medicine Open.  Crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-826566\/v1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vexler A., Polyansky I., Gorodetsky R. (1999) Evaluation of skin viscoelasticity and anisotropy by measurement of speed of shear wave propagation with viscoelasticity skin analyzer. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 113, 732-739.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00751.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wilke J., Behringer M. (2021) Is \u201cdelayed onset muscle soreness\u201d a false friend? The potential implication of the fascial connective tissue in post-exercise discomfort. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, 9482.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179482"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wilke J., Hespanhol L., Behrens M. (2019) Is it all about the fascia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of extramuscular connective tissue lesions in muscle strain injury. Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119888500"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Wilke J., Schleip R., Yucesoy C.A., Banzer W. (2018) Not merely a protective packing organ? A review of fascia and its force transmission capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology 124, 234-244.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00565.2017"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Yanagisawa O., Sakuma J., Kawakami Y., Szuzuki K., Fukubayashi T. (2015) Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on muscle hardness evaluated by ultrasound real-time tissue elastography. SpringerPlus 4.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1094-4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Z\u00fcgel M., Maganaris C.N., Wilke J., Jurkat-Rott K., Klingler W., Wearing S.C., Findley T., Barbe M.F., Steinacker J.M., Vleeming A., Bloch W., Schleip R., Hodges P.W. (2018) Fascial tissue research in sports medicine: from molecules to tissue adaptation, injury and diagnostics: consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, 1497.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099308"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zhou J.P., Yu J.F., Feng Y.N., Liu C.L., Shen S.H., Zhang Z.J. (2020) Modulation in the elastic properties of gastrocnemius muscle heads in individuals with plantar fasciitis and its relationship with pain. Scientific Reports 10.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59715-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T11:47:26Z","timestamp":1660823246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jssm.org\/jssm-21-419.xml%3EFulltext"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52082\/jssm.2022.419","archive":["Internet Archive"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1303-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1303-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}