{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:59:14Z","timestamp":1792799954543,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["jsportscimed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of 60-second static stretching on the neuromuscular control strategies of lower limb muscles during a squat jump (SJ), with a specific focus on changes in muscle synergy patterns, muscle weightings, and temporal activation characteristics. The muscles targeted for stretching included the quadriceps, hamstrings, and triceps surae. Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the activity of the biceps femoris (BFL), triceps surae(TS), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM). Twenty-five active males completed experiments under both a static stretching condition (SS) and a non-stretching condition (NS). Electromyography and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were employed to extract muscle synergy and the muscle weightings along with temporal activation characteristics were subsequently analyzed. The results revealed two distinct muscle synergy patterns in both the SS and NS. 60-second static stretching had no significant impact on the number of muscle synergy patterns during the squat jump. However, it significantly altered the contribution and temporal activation characteristics of individual muscles. Notably, post-stretching muscle activation levels were lower during the early phase of the jump, necessitating compensatory activation in the later phase to maintain performance. Additionally, jump heights were significantly lower in the stretched compared to the non-stretched condition.These findings suggest that while 60 seconds of static stretching before explosive movements may impair neuromuscular efficiency, ensuring proper and balanced static stretching for all muscle groups could help mitigate over-reliance on individual muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2025.195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T08:41:37Z","timestamp":1740386497000},"page":"195-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["60-Second Static Stretching of Lower Limb Muscles Disrupts Muscular Performance and Control in Active Male Adults"],"prefix":"10.52082","author":[{"given":"Weishuai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngsuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsig","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"29163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aoyama T., Ae K., Kohno Y. (2022) Interindividual differences in upper limb muscle synergies during baseball throwing motion in male college baseball players. Journal of Sports Science 145, 111384-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111384"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Avloniti A., Chatzinikolaou A., Fatouros I.G., Avloniti C., Protopapa M., Draganidis D., Stampoulis T., Leontsini D., Mavropalias G., Gounelas G. (2016) The acute effects of static stretching on speed and agility performance depend on stretch duration and conditioning level. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30, 2767-2773.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000000568"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Behm D.G., Blazevich A.J., Kay A.D., McHugh M. (2016) Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Sports Medicine 41, 1-11.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0235"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Behm D.G., Chaouachi A. (2011) A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 111, 2633-2651.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1879-2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Behm D.G., Kay A.D., Trajano G.S., Blazevich A. (2021) Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. Journal of Sports Science 121, 67-94.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04538-8"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bishop D. (2003) Warm up II: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Medicine 33, 483-498.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00002"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bojsen-M\u00f8ller J., Magnusson S.P., Rasmussen L.R., Kjaer M., Aagaard P. (2005) Muscle performance during maximal isometric and dynamic contractions is influenced by the stiffness of the tendinous structures. Journal of Physiology 99, 986-994.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01305.2004"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Bradley P.S., Olsen P.D., Portas M.D. (2007) The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, 223-226.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200702000-00040"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Chen C.H., Chiu C.H., Tseng W.C., Wu C.Y., Su H.H., Chang C.K., Ye X. (2023) Acute effects of combining dynamic stretching and vibration foam rolling warm-up on lower-limb muscle performance and functions in female handball players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 37, 1277-1283.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003998"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Clark D.J., Ting L.H., Zajac F.E., Neptune R.R., Kautz S.A. (2010) Merging of healthy motor modules predicts reduced locomotor performance and muscle coordination complexity post-stroke. Journal of Neurophysiology 103, 844-857.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00825.2009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Fan P., Yang Z., Wang T., Li J., Kim Y., Kim S. (2024) Neuromuscular control strategies in basketball shooting: Distance-dependent analysis of muscle synergies. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 23, 571-580.  Crossref","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2024.571"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Fowles J.R., Sale D.G., MacDougall J.D. (2000) Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantarflexors. Journal of Applied Physiology 89, 1179-1188.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.3.1179"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Fr\u00e8re J., Hug F. (2012) Between-subject variability of muscle synergies during a complex motor skill. Journal of Experimental Biology 6, 99-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2012.00099"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gentner R., Classen J. (2006) Modular organization of finger movements by the human central nervous system. Journal of Neuroscience 52, 731-742.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.038"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gesel F.J., Morenz E.K., Cleary C.J., LaRoche D.P. (2022) Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on muscle-tendon unit stiffness, work absorption, strength, power, and vertical jump performance. Journal of Sports Science 36, 2147-2155.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003894"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Gurj\u00e3o A.L., Gon\u00c7alves R., de Moura R.F., Gobbi S. (2009) Acute effect of static stretching on rate of force development and maximal voluntary contraction in older women. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23, 2149-2154.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e3181b8682d"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hopkins W.G. (2000) Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine 30, 1-15.  Crossref","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Hough P.A., Ross E.Z., Howatson G. (2009) Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23, 507-512.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e31818cc65d"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Kay A.D., Blazevich A. (2012) Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: A systematic review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 44, 154-164.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318225cb27"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine La Torre A., Castagna C., Gervasoni E., C\u00e8 E., Rampichini S., Ferrarin M., Merati G. (2010) Acute effects of static stretching on squat jump performance at different knee starting angles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, 687-694.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e3181c7b443"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Lee D.D., Seung H.S. (1999) Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature 401, 788-791.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/44565"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Li M., Kim Y., Guo W., Fan P., Wang J., Kim S. (2024) Effects of conditioning contractions on lower-body explosive force post-static stretching. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23, 571-580.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2351-8735"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Li M., Meng X., Guan L., Kim Y., Kim S. (2023) Comparing the effects of static stretching alone and in combination with post-activation performance enhancement on squat jump performance at different knee starting angles. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 22, 769-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2023.769"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Montalvo S., Gonzalez M.P., Dietze-Hermosa M.S., Martinez A., Rodriguez S., Gomez M., Cubillos N., Ibarra-Mejia G., Tan E., Dorgo S. (2022) Effects of different stretching modalities on the antagonist and agonist muscles on isokinetic strength and vertical jump performance in young men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 39, 173-183.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000003988"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Mulla D.M., Keir P. (2023) Neuromuscular control: From a biomechanist's perspective. Journal of Biomechanics 5, 1217009-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1217009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Nakamura M., Ikezoe T., Takeno Y., Ichihashi N. (2013) Time course of changes in passive properties of the gastrocnemius muscle\u2013tendon unit during 5 min of static stretching. Journal of Applied Physiology 18, 211-215.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.09.010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Nishida K., Hagio S., Kibushi B., Moritani T., Kouzaki M. (2017) Comparison of muscle synergies for running between different foot strike patterns. Plos One 12, e0171535-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171535"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Power K., Behm D., Cahill F., Carroll M., Young W. (2004) An acute bout of static stretching: Effects on force and jumping performance. Journal of Sports Science 36, 1389-1396.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000135775.51937.53"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Reid J.C., Greene R., Young J.D., Hodgson D.D., Blazevich A.J., Behm D.G. (2018) The effects of different durations of static stretching within a comprehensive warm-up on voluntary and evoked contractile properties. European Journal of Applied Physiology 118, 1427-1445.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3874-3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Russo M., Scano A., Brambilla C., d'Avella A. (2024) SynergyAnalyzer: A Matlab toolbox implementing mixed-matrix factorization to identify kinematic-muscular synergies. Journal of Biomechanics 251, 108217-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108217"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Safavynia S., Torres-Oviedo G., Ting L. (2011) Muscle synergies: Implications for clinical evaluation and rehabilitation of movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 17, 16-24.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1701-16"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Santos A.B., Soares D.P., Candotti C.T. (2012) Smoothing EMG signals: Implications on delay calculation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 12, 60-72.  Crossref","DOI":"10.5628\/rpcd.12.01.60"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Sasajima S., Kubo K. (2024) Effect of static stretching on tendon hysteresis and efficiency during repetitive jumping. Journal of Sports Science 38, 1041-1047.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000004760"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine St-Amant Y., Rancourt D., Clancy E.A. (1998) Influence of smoothing window length on electromyogram amplitude estimates. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 45, 795-799.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/10.678614"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Thomas E., Ficarra S., Nunes J.P., Paoli A., Bellafiore M., Palma A., Bianco A. (2023) Does stretching training influence muscular strength? A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 37, 1145-1156.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000004400"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Todorov E., Jordan M.I. (2002) Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nature Neuroscience 5, 1226-1235.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nn963"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Torres-Oviedo G., Ting L.H. (2010) Subject-specific muscle synergies in human balance control are consistent across different biomechanical contexts. Journal of Neurophysiology 103, 3084-3098.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00960.2009"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Van Hooren B., Zolotarjova J. (2017) The difference between countermovement and squat jump performances: A review of underlying mechanisms with practical applications. Sports Medicine 31, 2011-2020.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001913"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine VencesBrito A.M., Ferreira M.A.R., Cortes N., Fernandes O., Pezarat-Correia P. (2011) Kinematic and electromyographic analyses of a karate punch. Journal of Sports Science 21, 1023-1029.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.09.007"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Yamaguchi T., Ishii K., Yamanaka M., Yasuda K. (2006) Acute effect of static stretching on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, 804-810.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200611000-00013"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Young W., Elliott S. (2001) Acute effects of static stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and maximum voluntary contractions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Journal of Sports Science 72, 273-279.  Crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2001.10608960"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Zhu Y., Feng Y., Huang F., Li Y., Wang W., Wang X., Cao X., Zhang Z. (2022) Changes in stiffness of the specific regions of knee extensor mechanism after static stretching. Journal of Sports Science 10, 958242-.  Crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.958242"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T08:41:45Z","timestamp":1740386505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jssm.org\/jssm-24-195.xml%3EFulltext"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52082\/jssm.2025.195","archive":["Internet Archive"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1303-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1303-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}